1、 Background and Motivation of Agreement Signing
1.1 Historical evolution of the relationship between the two parties
In the long river of history, the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan is like a colorful picture, constantly writing chapters of cooperation in multiple fields such as politics, economy, and religion.
Before the founding of the country, the connection between the two countries had quietly sprouted. At that time, both the Middle East and South Asia were in complex situations, but due to their close religious beliefs, they had a natural sense of closeness. As one of the birthplaces of Islam, Saudi Arabia’s religious culture has a profound influence on the surrounding areas, and the people of Pakistan are also deeply influenced by Islam. This common belief laid a solid foundation for the later exchanges between the two countries.
After the founding of the country, the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan entered a new stage of development. Politically, both countries are faced with the responsibility of maintaining national independence and developing their national economy, so they support each other in international affairs. For example, in international organizations such as the United Nations, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan often hold similar or identical positions on major issues, speaking out for the rights and interests of developing countries. In the economic field, cooperation between the two sides is gradually unfolding. Pakistan, as a populous country, has abundant labor resources, while Saudi Arabia, with its abundant oil resources, has become an important participant in the world economy. Pakistan exports some labor-intensive products such as textiles to Saudi Arabia, while Saudi Arabia provides energy support such as oil to Pakistan.
With the passage of time, the exchanges between the two countries in the field of religion have become increasingly close. Saudi Arabia, as a holy land of Islam, attracts a large number of Pakistani Muslims to pilgrimage every year. The Saudi government has also provided some convenience and support for Muslims in Pakistan, such as accommodation, transportation, and other services during the pilgrimage. Pakistan is also actively promoting Islamic culture domestically and strengthening cooperation with Saudi Arabia in religious education, religious research, and other areas.
In the field of security, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan also have some cooperation. As a wealthy country, Saudi Arabia faces some security challenges, while Pakistan has a relatively strong military and extensive counter-terrorism experience. The two countries have cooperated in intelligence sharing, military training, and other areas to jointly address regional security threats.
In recent years, with the changing international situation, the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan has become closer. In the face of the threat of terrorism, the two countries have strengthened cooperation and jointly fought against terrorist forces. In the economic field, with the fluctuations in the global energy market, Saudi Arabia attaches greater importance to economic cooperation with other countries, while Pakistan is actively seeking new opportunities for economic development. The cooperation between the two sides in energy, infrastructure construction, and other areas continues to deepen.
1.2 Analysis of Recent Cooperation Motivation
The reasons for recent cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are multifaceted, involving multiple fields such as economy, security, counter-terrorism, and are also deeply influenced by changes in the international situation.
From an economic perspective, both Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are facing pressure and challenges in their economic development. As a country with oil as its main economic pillar, Saudi Arabia has experienced significant fluctuations in oil prices in recent years due to changes in the global energy market, which has had a certain impact on its economy. In order to achieve economic diversification, Saudi Arabia has put forward a series of development strategies such as “Vision 2030”, hoping to achieve breakthroughs in multiple fields such as new energy, infrastructure construction, and tourism. Pakistan, on the other hand, is a country with relatively backward economic development, facing problems such as insufficient infrastructure construction and low industrial development level, and urgently needs external funding and technological support. In this situation, the economic complementarity between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan is further highlighted. Saudi Arabia can provide financial support to Pakistan to help build infrastructure and develop industries, while Pakistan can provide labor resources and markets for Saudi Arabia.
In the field of security, both Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are facing severe challenges in the regional security situation. The Middle East has always been a global hotspot, with complex ethnic, religious, territorial and other issues, and an unstable security situation. As an important country in the Middle East, Saudi Arabia also faces some threats to its security, such as terrorist attacks and turmoil in neighboring countries. However, Pakistan has long been plagued by terrorism and extremism, and the domestic security situation is relatively severe. In this situation, strengthening security cooperation between the two countries and jointly addressing security threats has become a common need for both sides. Saudi Arabia can provide some security equipment and financial support to Pakistan, while Pakistan can provide support in counter-terrorism experience and military training for Saudi Arabia.
Counter terrorism is also an important driving force for cooperation between the two countries. With the spread of terrorism, both Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have suffered greatly. Terrorism not only has a serious impact on the social stability and economic development of both countries, but also threatens regional and global peace and stability. In order to combat terrorism, the two countries have strengthened cooperation in intelligence sharing, joint law enforcement, and other areas to jointly combat terrorist forces.
The changes in the international situation have also had a significant impact on the cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. With the adjustment of the global political and economic landscape, the influence of some major powers in the Middle East has changed. In this situation, both Saudi Arabia and Pakistan need to seek new international partners to safeguard their own interests. Strengthening cooperation between the two countries can support each other in international affairs and enhance their voice on the international stage. At the same time, with the advancement of international cooperation projects such as the “the Belt and Road” initiative, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan can also use these platforms to strengthen economic cooperation with other countries and achieve common development.
2、 Main content and characteristics of the agreement
2.1 Specific areas of cooperation
In the economic field, the alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan is rich in content. Saudi Arabia, with its strong financial strength, plans to invest heavily in Pakistan’s energy, infrastructure and other fields, such as participating in the construction of power plants, roads, ports and other projects, to help Pakistan improve its infrastructure and promote industrial development. Pakistan, on the other hand, utilizes its own labor resource advantages to provide low-cost human resources for Saudi Arabia. The two sides cooperate in manufacturing, processing, and other areas to jointly develop the market.
In terms of military affairs, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have a long-standing foundation of cooperation. Pakistan will train military personnel, including fighter pilots, for Saudi Arabia to enhance the combat capabilities of the Saudi military. Saudi Arabia may purchase some military equipment from Pakistan, such as Pakistan’s “JF-17” fighter jets, to achieve complementary military equipment. The two countries will also engage in military technology exchanges, sharing experiences and technologies in weapon research and development, maintenance, and repair.
Security cooperation is an important part of the agreement. The two countries will strengthen border control cooperation, jointly combat transnational criminal activities such as smuggling and drug trafficking, and maintain security and stability in border areas. In the field of counter-terrorism, both sides will establish a closer intelligence sharing mechanism, timely exchange information on the movements and action plans of terrorist organizations, carry out joint counter-terrorism operations, clear terrorist hideouts, and reduce the threat of terrorism to the security of both countries and regions.
In the cultural field, the two countries will also deepen exchanges. As a holy site of Islam, Saudi Arabia will provide more convenience and support for Pakistani Muslims to perform Hajj, while Pakistan will strengthen the dissemination and research of Islamic culture domestically. Both sides will carry out cooperation projects in religious education, cultural arts, and other areas to enhance mutual understanding and identity between the two peoples in culture, promote cultural exchange and integration.
2.2 Military Security Cooperation Modes
Military training cooperation is an important way for Saudi Arabia and Pakistan to cooperate in military security. The Pakistani military has rich practical experience and a high level of training. Its army has unique training methods and tactics in mountain warfare, counter-terrorism operations, and other areas. Pakistan will send experienced instructors to Saudi Arabia to provide military skills training for the Saudi military, including shooting, tactical maneuvering, special operations, and other subjects, to help the Saudi military enhance individual combat capabilities and overall collaborative combat capabilities. Saudi Arabia will also organize some military personnel to exchange and learn at military training bases in Pakistan, participate in military exercises and training activities organized by Pakistan, and learn from Pakistan’s combat experience in complex terrain and anti-terrorism environments.
Intelligence sharing is another crucial aspect of military security cooperation between the two countries. Both sides will establish a dedicated intelligence sharing platform to ensure timely and accurate transmission of military intelligence between the two countries. When facing the threat of terrorism, the two countries will share information on the flow of funds, personnel composition, and action plans of terrorist organizations, so that both sides can prepare for prevention and crackdown in advance. In terms of regional security situation, both sides will also exchange information on military dynamics and regional conflicts in neighboring countries, jointly analyze the security situation, formulate response strategies, and ensure that the two countries can respond to possible regional security crises in a timely manner.
Joint action is also an important form of military security cooperation between the two countries. In counter-terrorism operations, the two countries may organize joint special forces to carry out joint clearance operations against terrorist hideouts. In terms of border security maintenance, both sides will carry out joint patrols to prevent illegal armed personnel and smugglers from crossing the border. In the field of maritime security, the navies of the two countries may conduct joint escort operations to ensure the safety of maritime channels, especially in key waters such as the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea, to ensure the safe transportation of important materials such as oil and maintain regional maritime trade order.
2.3 Exclusive terms of the agreement
There is currently no clear public information indicating whether there are exclusive clauses in the Saudi Pakistan alliance agreement, which explicitly prohibit cooperation with specific third parties. However, judging from some parts of the agreement and the development trend of bilateral relations, there may be a certain degree of implicit exclusivity tendency.
For example, in the military field, Pakistan provides military training and technical support to Saudi Arabia, which may to some extent affect Saudi Arabia’s choices in military cooperation with other countries. If Saudi Arabia overly relies on Pakistan for certain key military technologies or equipment, it may face certain restrictions when cooperating with countries that have close relations with Pakistan.
The impact of this possible exclusivity on other countries in the region is multifaceted. For countries that have close relations with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, such as some Gulf countries, it may encourage them to be more inclined to align with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan in certain areas of cooperation in order to gain more opportunities and benefits for cooperation. For countries that compete with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, such as Iran, it may exacerbate regional tensions. Iran may perceive the close cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan as a response to its encirclement or containment, and thus adopt a more aggressive foreign policy, leading to further escalation of regional conflicts and affecting regional peace and stability.
However, due to the complex situation in the Middle East and the intertwined interests of various countries, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan also need to weigh multiple factors when formulating policies, so there is a certain degree of uncertainty in the impact of such exclusive clauses.
3、 The impact on the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East
3.1 Regional and national responses
The signing of an alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan undoubtedly dropped a bombshell in the Middle East, triggering different reactions from neighboring countries.
Iran’s response to this is complex and subtle. On the one hand, Iran and Saudi Arabia have long had sectarian and geopolitical competition, and the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may be seen by Iran as a potential strategic encirclement. Iran is concerned that Saudi Arabia may use Pakistan’s power to further squeeze its own survival space in regional affairs, especially on hot issues such as Yemen. Saudi Arabia may receive more support from Pakistan, putting greater pressure on Iran. On the other hand, Iran is also unwilling to easily break down its relations with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, as the situation in the Middle East is complex and volatile, and Iran also needs to maintain certain contacts and cooperation with neighboring countries to safeguard its own interests. Iran may adopt some diplomatic strategies, such as strengthening cooperation with other countries, to balance the impact of the Saudi Pakistani alliance.
Türkiye is relatively cautious. As an important force in the region, Türkiye has been committed to enhancing its influence in the Middle East. The alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan is both a challenge and an opportunity for Türkiye. The challenge is that Türkiye’s voice in regional affairs may be affected to some extent, especially in competing with Saudi Arabia for regional leadership. The opportunity lies in that Türkiye can take this opportunity to strengthen communication and cooperation with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, find common interests, and promote the development of regional situation in its own direction. Türkiye may actively expand cooperation with other countries while maintaining stable relations with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan to safeguard its own interests and status.
The response from Gulf Cooperation Council member states has been relatively mild. As important allies of Saudi Arabia, these countries have close political, economic, and security ties with Saudi Arabia. The alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan is also aimed at strengthening the security and stability of the Gulf region to a certain extent, and these countries express their support and understanding for it. They may strengthen cooperation with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan to jointly address regional security threats and maintain peace and stability in the Gulf region. At the same time, these countries will also pay attention to the impact of the agreement on regional economic cooperation, actively seek opportunities for cooperation with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan in the economic field, and achieve common development.
3.2 Changes in Regional Relations between Major Powers
The signing of an alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan has had a profound impact on regional power relations, making the already complex geopolitical landscape in the Middle East even more unpredictable.
For the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran, this agreement undoubtedly adds new variables. Saudi Arabia and Iran have long competed in areas such as sects and geopolitics, and the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan has put greater pressure on Iran. Iran may adopt a more aggressive foreign policy and strengthen cooperation with other countries to counter potential threats posed by the Saudi Pakistani alliance. On regional hot topics such as the Yemen conflict and the Syria issue, the positions of both sides may become more opposing, and the contradictions may further intensify. However, due to the complex situation in the Middle East and the intertwined interests of various countries, Saudi Arabia and Iran are also unwilling to completely tear apart. The two sides may maintain confrontation while communicating and negotiating through diplomatic channels to seek ways to ease tensions.
Türkiye’s relations with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are also changing due to the agreement. Türkiye has always been committed to improving its influence in the Middle East and competing with Saudi Arabia in terms of regional leadership. The alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may affect Türkiye’s voice in regional affairs. Türkiye may strengthen communication and cooperation with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan to find common interests to ease potential competition and contradictions. At the same time, Türkiye will also actively expand cooperation with other countries, such as strengthening ties with Russia, Iran and other countries, and enhancing its influence in regional affairs. Türkiye’s relations with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may continue to adjust and develop in competition and cooperation.
The alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan has also to some extent influenced the strategic layout of the United States in the Middle East region. The United States has always regarded the Middle East as an important region in its global strategy, and the close cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may pose a certain challenge to its influence in the Middle East. The United States may adjust its policies towards Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, strengthen communication and cooperation with both countries, in order to safeguard its interests in the Middle East. At the same time, the United States will also pay attention to the impact of the agreement on the regional security situation, actively respond to potential challenges, and ensure that the stability of the Middle East region is in line with the strategic interests of the United States.
4、 The impact on Israel’s security environment
4.1 New Military Threat Assessment
Whether Israel will face new military threats after the signing of the alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan is a complex and worthy of in-depth analysis.
On the surface, the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan does not seem to pose a significant military threat directly to Israel. Although Saudi Arabia has relatively strong funds and certain military strength, its military’s combat experience and actual combat capabilities are relatively limited. Although Pakistan has a relatively strong military and rich experience in counter-terrorism, it also has certain shortcomings in long-range delivery capabilities and high-tech weapons and equipment.
However, potential military threats cannot be completely ruled out. On the one hand, if Saudi Arabia uses its financial advantage to purchase more advanced weapons and equipment from Pakistan, or jointly develop high-tech weapons with Pakistan, Pakistan’s military strength will be further enhanced, posing a greater threat to Israel. For example, if Pakistan obtains more advanced weapons and equipment such as fighter jets and missiles, its aerial combat capabilities and deterrence against Israel will be greatly enhanced.
On the other hand, the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may prompt other countries to take a tougher stance towards Israel. Some countries that have close relations with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may provide more military support to them, thus forming a situation of encirclement or containment of Israel. In this situation, Israel may face more military pressure and challenges.
Israel also maintains a high level of vigilance towards this. Israel has strong military strength and advanced weapons and equipment, and its military’s combat experience and practical capabilities are among the best in the world. Israel will closely monitor the military movements of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, strengthen its own military preparations to ensure national security. At the same time, Israel will actively seek military cooperation with other countries to obtain more military support and assistance in response to potential military threats.
4.2 Potential for Military Cooperation
The signing of an alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan will undoubtedly promote stronger military cooperation between the two countries, but whether this cooperation will target Israel is influenced by various factors.
From the perspective of bilateral relations, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have a long-standing historical foundation of cooperation in the military field. Pakistan provides military training and technical support to Saudi Arabia, while Saudi Arabia purchases military equipment and provides financial support to Pakistan. This cooperation is to some extent based on the common interests and security needs of both parties. After signing the alliance agreement, the cooperation between the two countries in the military field will become closer and deeper. The two countries may engage in broader cooperation in military technology exchange, weapon development, joint military exercises, and other areas to jointly enhance military strength.
However, the possibility of directly targeting Israel in this cooperation is not high. On the one hand, although Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have differences and contradictions with Israel on certain issues, there is no possibility of a large-scale military conflict directly erupting. Israel has strong military strength and international influence, and maintains close military cooperation with Western countries such as the United States. If Saudi Arabia and Pakistan directly take military action against Israel, it may trigger regional and even international turmoil, which is not desirable for both countries.
On the other hand, the situation in the Middle East is complex and ever-changing, with intertwined interests of various countries. Saudi Arabia and Pakistan also need to weigh multiple factors when formulating military cooperation policies. They may focus more energy on addressing regional security threats such as terrorism, extremism, etc., rather than directly targeting Israel. Of course, if Israel takes an overly tough attitude or action on certain issues, exacerbating conflicts with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, then the possibility of military cooperation between the two countries cannot be completely ruled out.
Israel maintains a high level of attention and vigilance towards military cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. Israel will closely monitor the military movements of both countries and strengthen its own military preparations to ensure national security. At the same time, Israel will actively seek military cooperation with other countries to obtain more military support and assistance to address potential challenges.
4.3 Security Risk Assessment
The signing of an alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan has brought new uncertainty to Israel’s security environment. Israel has conducted a comprehensive security risk assessment and formulated corresponding response strategies.
From the perspective of regional security situation, the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may exacerbate tensions in the region. Israel has long had conflicts and contradictions with neighboring Arab countries, and the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may make some Arab countries more united and take a tougher stance towards Israel. In this situation, Israel may face more security pressures and challenges.
In terms of military security, although the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan does not directly pose a large-scale military threat to Israel, it may prompt some countries to provide more military support to Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, thereby forming a situation of encirclement or containment of Israel. In this situation, Israel’s military security may be affected to some extent.
In the field of counter-terrorism, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are both key targets of terrorism. Strengthening cooperation between the two countries and jointly combating terrorism is beneficial to maintaining regional security and stability to a certain extent. But at the same time, it may also provoke retaliation and counterattacks from terrorist organizations, and Israel, as an important country in the Middle East, may also become one of the targets of terrorist attacks.
Israel has conducted a comprehensive assessment of the security risks posed by the agreement and developed corresponding response strategies. In terms of military, Israel will strengthen its own military preparedness, enhance its military strength, and ensure effective defense of national security in the face of potential threats. In terms of diplomacy, Israel will actively seek cooperation with other countries and strive for more international support and assistance to ease regional tensions. In the field of counter-terrorism, Israel will strengthen cooperation with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan to jointly combat terrorism and maintain regional security and stability.
Israel will also strengthen its domestic security measures, enhance the security awareness of its citizens, and ensure effective response to various security threats. Through these measures, Israel hopes to minimize the negative impact of the alliance agreement signed between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan on its security environment.
5、 The impact of Israel’s diplomatic isolation
5.1 Changes in Attitudes of Arab Countries
The signing of an alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan has triggered complex and diverse attitude changes within Arab countries.
Some Arab countries may become more hardline towards Israel due to this agreement. As an important power in the Middle East, Saudi Arabia’s alliance with Pakistan represents to some extent a stance of the Arab world. Some countries may consider the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan as a powerful counterbalance to Israel, and therefore they may adopt a more hardline attitude towards Israel in politics, diplomacy, and other fields to express support for Palestine and opposition to Israeli policies. For example, in some international organizations, these countries may be more actively opposed to Israel’s proposals or more clearly stand in opposition to Israel in international affairs.
But there are also some Arab countries that may maintain a relatively cautious attitude. After weighing their own interests and the international situation, these countries may choose not to be overly involved in the Israeli issue. They may believe that the relationship with Israel is not just about simple confrontation, but also involves multiple interests such as economy and security. For example, some countries that have some economic cooperation with Israel may be concerned that an overly hardline attitude will affect their cooperative relationship and thus have a negative impact on the country’s economic development. These countries may communicate and negotiate with Israel through diplomatic channels while maintaining stable relations, seeking compromises and solutions on some issues.
Some Arab countries may seek to improve their relations with Israel. Although the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may bring some pressure to these countries, they may consider normalizing relations with Israel for their own long-term interests. These countries may believe that peaceful coexistence with Israel is beneficial for regional stability and development, and can provide more guarantees for the country’s economic development and security. For example, some Gulf countries may actively seek cooperation with Israel in areas such as energy and economy while maintaining cooperation with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan to achieve common development.
5.2 The direction of Sabah’s diplomatic relations
The signing of the alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan undoubtedly brings new variables to Israel’s diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan.
From the perspective of the relationship between Israel and Saudi Arabia, there have always been complex contradictions and competition between the two sides in history. Saudi Arabia, as an important Arab country in the Middle East, has long supported Palestine on the Israeli Palestinian issue, while Israel and Saudi Arabia have differences in sects, geopolitics, and other aspects. The signing of the agreement may further strain the relationship between Israel and Saudi Arabia. Israel may be concerned that Saudi Arabia may use Pakistan’s power to further squeeze its own living space in regional affairs, especially in some international organizations and affairs, where Saudi Arabia may be more actively opposed to Israel’s position and actions. However, due to the complex situation in the Middle East and the intertwined interests of various countries, Israel and Saudi Arabia are also unwilling to completely tear apart. The two sides may maintain confrontation while communicating and negotiating through diplomatic channels to seek ways to ease tensions.
The relationship between Israel and Pakistan is relatively delicate. As a South Asian power with nuclear weapons, Pakistan’s alliance with Saudi Arabia may make Israel’s attitude towards Pakistan more cautious. Israel may be concerned that Pakistan may use its relationship with Saudi Arabia to take a tougher stance or action against Israel. However, due to the absence of direct territorial disputes and historical grievances between Pakistan and Israel, there is also the possibility of cooperation between the two sides in certain areas. For example, in areas such as counter-terrorism and intelligence sharing, Israel and Pakistan may have common interests and can cooperate to maintain regional security and stability.
Overall, Israel’s diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan will present a complex and ever-changing state after the agreement. Israel will closely monitor the movements of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan and actively seek cooperation with other countries to address potential challenges. At the same time, Israel will also strive to ease its relations with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan through diplomatic means, and strive to maintain its own interests and status in regional affairs.
5.3 Israel’s Response Measures
Faced with possible diplomatic isolation, Israel will take a series of measures and strategies to cope.
In terms of diplomacy, Israel will actively seek cooperation with other countries, especially the support of Western countries such as the United States. The United States has always been an important ally of Israel, providing strong support in various fields such as politics, economy, and military. Israel will strengthen communication and cooperation with the United States, and strive for continued support from the United States for Israel’s position and actions in international affairs. At the same time, Israel will actively expand its cooperation with other countries, such as strengthening exchanges and cooperation with European and Asian countries in the fields of economy, culture, technology, etc., to alleviate the pressure brought by diplomatic isolation.
In terms of security, Israel will further strengthen its military strength and defense capabilities. Israel has strong military strength and advanced weapons and equipment, and its military’s combat experience and practical capabilities are among the best in the world. Faced with possible diplomatic isolation, Israel will place greater emphasis on defense construction and enhance its military strength to ensure national security. Israel will increase investment in military technology, weapon research and development, and develop more advanced weapons and equipment to enhance the military’s combat capabilities and deterrence. At the same time, Israel will also strengthen military cooperation with friendly countries and obtain more military support and assistance.
On the Israeli Palestinian issue, Israel will adjust its strategic means. Israel may place greater emphasis on peace talks with Palestine, seeking to resolve conflicts and issues between the two sides through peaceful negotiations. Israel may adopt a more flexible strategy under international pressure, making certain concessions on territorial and security issues to promote the development of the Israeli Palestinian peace process. By improving relations with Palestine, Israel can alleviate the pressure of diplomatic isolation to some extent and gain more support and recognition from the international community.
Israel will also strengthen domestic construction and development to enhance the country’s comprehensive strength. Israel will increase investment in areas such as economy, technology, and education to promote the country’s innovative development and enhance its international competitiveness. By strengthening domestic construction, Israel can maintain national stability and development in the face of diplomatic isolation, laying a solid foundation for addressing various challenges.
6、 The impact on economic cooperation among the three countries
6.1 Sabah Trade Promotion Situation
The signing of the alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan undoubtedly injects new vitality into the development of trade between the two countries. From the perspective of both parties’ resources and needs, the potential for cooperation is enormous.
Saudi Arabia, as a major oil exporting country in the world, has strong financial strength. Under the framework of the agreement, Saudi Arabia can increase investment in Pakistan’s energy sector, help Pakistan build more oil extraction and refining facilities, and improve Pakistan’s energy self-sufficiency. This can not only bring stable investment returns to Saudi Arabia, but also help Pakistan alleviate energy shortages and reduce energy import costs.
Pakistan has abundant labor resources and a certain manufacturing foundation. Saudi Arabia can cooperate with Pakistan in the manufacturing sector in the process of implementing its economic diversification strategy. Pakistan can utilize Saudi Arabia’s financial and technological support to develop labor-intensive industries such as textiles and food processing, produce more cost-effective products, meet the domestic market demand in Saudi Arabia, and create more job opportunities and export revenue for Pakistan.
In terms of infrastructure construction, Saudi Arabia can participate in Pakistan’s road, bridge, port and other infrastructure construction based on its experience and technology in large-scale projects. This can not only improve Pakistan’s infrastructure conditions and enhance its economic development level, but also open up new market space for Saudi enterprises.
There is also some room for cooperation between the two countries in the field of agriculture. Pakistan is a major agricultural country with abundant agricultural resources, while Saudi Arabia relies on imports for its agricultural products due to natural environmental limitations. Pakistan can export agricultural products such as fruits and vegetables to Saudi Arabia, while learning from Saudi Arabia’s agricultural technology and management experience to improve its own agricultural production efficiency.
With the continuous deepening of cooperation between the two countries in the field of trade, both sides are expected to achieve mutual benefit and win-win results in more areas, further promoting the economic development of the two countries. However, the two countries also face some challenges in trade cooperation, such as high logistics and transportation costs, and difficulty in policy coordination, which require joint efforts from both sides to solve.
6.2 Impact of Sabah’s economic ties
The economic ties between Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan are facing new changes and challenges after the signing of the alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan.
From the perspective of economic ties between Israel and Saudi Arabia, although there have been some competitions and contradictions in history, there is also some potential for cooperation in certain areas. Saudi Arabia, as an important economy in the Middle East, has abundant oil resources and financial strength, while Israel has advanced technology and experience in fields such as technology and agriculture. The signing of the agreement may prompt Saudi Arabia to be more cautious in its economic cooperation with Israel, especially when it comes to cooperation in sensitive technologies and fields. Saudi Arabia may consider its relationship with Pakistan and adopt a more conservative attitude. However, there is still a possibility of cooperation between Israel and Saudi Arabia in areas such as energy security and water resource utilization. Both sides may achieve mutual benefit and win-win results through indirect means, such as cooperation projects with other countries.
The economic ties between Israel and Pakistan are relatively limited. Pakistan is a developing country with a relatively backward economy, while Israel is a more developed country with significant differences in economic structure and development level. The signing of the agreement may pose more obstacles to economic cooperation between Israel and Pakistan. Pakistan may be more inclined to cooperate with Saudi Arabia in the economic field to obtain more funding and technological support. However, Israel’s advantages in high-tech fields such as information technology and communication technology still have a certain appeal to Pakistan, and the two sides may still cooperate in certain specific areas.
Overall, the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan has had a certain impact on Israel’s economic ties with both countries. Israel needs to actively adjust its economic strategy and strengthen economic cooperation with other countries to address potential challenges. Meanwhile, Israel can also attract investment and cooperation from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan by enhancing its technological innovation capabilities and developing more internationally competitive industries.
6.3 Linkage of Economic and Political Relations
Economy and politics are closely linked, and economic cooperation often promotes the improvement and development of political relations, including the relationships between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Israel.
With the continuous deepening of economic cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, mutual trust and cooperation in politics will also be further strengthened. Economic cooperation can bring common economic benefits to both countries, promote economic development and social stability, which helps the two countries maintain closer political ties and jointly address regional and international challenges.
For Israel, if it can cooperate with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan in the economic field, it will also help ease the political tensions between the three countries. Israel has advanced technology and abundant economic resources, which complement Saudi Arabia and Pakistan economically. If the three countries can cooperate in the fields of energy, technology, agriculture, etc., it can not only achieve mutual benefit and win-win in the economy, but also promote exchanges and understanding among the three countries politically, and enhance mutual trust.
Economic cooperation can also provide new opportunities for the three countries to solve regional problems. For example, in the fields of water resource utilization and environmental protection, the three countries can explore solutions together through economic cooperation to promote sustainable development in the region, which will help the three countries form a closer cooperative relationship politically.
However, promoting economic cooperation to improve political relations is not an overnight process. It requires the three countries to maintain an open and inclusive attitude in politics and overcome some historical and practical obstacles. The three countries also need to strengthen policy coordination and communication in economic cooperation to ensure the smooth progress of cooperation. Only in this way can economic cooperation truly become an important force in promoting the improvement of political relations among the three countries.
7、 The impact on the relationship between the Islamic world and Israel
7.1 Changes in the Position of Islamic Countries
The signing of an alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan has triggered varying degrees of position changes among Islamic countries.
Some Islamic countries with close ties to Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may become more hardline towards Israel. These countries may believe that the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan is a powerful check on Israel, so they take a tougher stance on Israel in politics, diplomacy, and other fields to express support for Palestine and opposition to Israeli policies. For example, in international organizations such as the United Nations, these countries may be more actively opposed to Israel’s proposals or more clearly stand in opposition to Israel in international affairs.
Some Islamic countries may also maintain a relatively neutral attitude. After weighing their own interests and the international situation, they may choose not to be overly involved in the Israeli issue. There may be some economic cooperation between these countries and Israel, and there is concern that an overly tough attitude may affect the cooperative relationship between the two sides, thereby causing adverse effects on the country’s economic development. They may communicate and negotiate with Israel through diplomatic channels while maintaining stable relations, seeking compromises and solutions on some issues.
Some Islamic countries may seek to improve their relations with Israel. These countries may consider normalizing their relations with Israel for their own long-term interests. They believe that peaceful coexistence with Israel is beneficial for regional stability and development, and can provide more guarantees for the country’s economic development and security. For example, some Gulf countries may actively seek cooperation with Israel in energy, economy, and other fields while maintaining cooperation with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan to achieve common development.
7.2 Response of Religious Leaders
Religious leaders, as important spiritual leaders in the Islamic world, have different reactions and views towards the signing of the alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan.
Some conservative religious leaders may express support for the agreement. They believe that the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan will help strengthen the unity among Islamic countries and jointly address external challenges. These leaders may call for closer unity among Islamic countries to uphold the interests and dignity of the Islamic world. They may interpret the agreement as a self strengthening and self-protection of the Islamic world in the face of external pressures such as Israel.
Some religious leaders may also maintain a relatively cautious attitude. They believe that although the agreement has strengthened cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan to some extent, a more rational and balanced approach should be taken when dealing with relations with Israel. These leaders may call on all parties to resolve differences through dialogue and negotiation, and avoid taking extreme actions. They may emphasize the spirit of peace and tolerance in Islam, advocating for the use of peaceful means to promote regional peace and development.
Some religious leaders may interpret the agreement from the perspective of religious doctrine. They may emphasize the spirit of unity and mutual assistance in Islam, calling on Islamic countries to unite more closely in the face of external pressures. These leaders may see the agreement as a manifestation of unity and self-improvement in the face of challenges in the Islamic world, calling on all parties to work together to safeguard the interests and dignity of the Islamic world.
7.3 Potential religious tensions
The signing of an alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan does have the potential to trigger religious tensions between the Islamic world and Israel.
From a historical and current perspective, there have always been complex religious conflicts and contradictions between the Islamic world and Israel. The alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may make some Islamic countries more united and take a tougher stance towards Israel. In this situation, Israel may face more religious pressure and challenges, thereby exacerbating the religious tensions between the two sides.
In terms of religious beliefs, Islam and Judaism have differences and controversies on certain issues, such as the status of Jerusalem. The alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may cause some Islamic countries to pay more attention to these issues, leading to a rise in religious sentiment. If both parties cannot resolve these issues through dialogue and negotiation, religious tensions may escalate further.
However, there are also some factors that may ease religious tensions. Israel has strong military strength and international influence, and maintains close military cooperation with Western countries such as the United States. If Saudi Arabia and Pakistan directly take military action against Israel, it may trigger regional and even international turmoil, which is not desirable for both sides. At the same time, the situation in the Middle East is complex and ever-changing, with intertwined interests of various countries. Saudi Arabia and Pakistan also need to weigh multiple factors when formulating policies.
Overall, there is a possibility that the signing of an alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan may trigger religious tensions between the Islamic world and Israel, but the specific development of the situation still depends on how all parties respond and balance various interests.
8、 Summary and Prospect
8.1 Event Summary
The signing of an alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan has had a comprehensive impact on Israel.
In terms of security, Israel is facing a new military threat assessment. Although the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan will not directly lead to a large-scale military conflict, the increase in Pakistan’s military power supported by Saudi funding, as well as the possible chain reaction of regional military cooperation, have added uncertainty to Israel’s security environment. Israel has to strengthen its military preparedness and enhance its military strength to cope with potential challenges.
Diplomatically, Israel may fall deeper into isolation. The attitude of Arab countries towards Israel has diverged, and some countries may become more hardline towards Israel due to the alliance between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. Israel’s diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have also become complex and delicate. Israel needs to actively seek cooperation with other countries, especially with the support of Western allies, to alleviate diplomatic pressure.
In the economic field, Israel’s economic ties with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have been impacted. The strengthening of trade cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan poses a risk of marginalization for Israel in regional economic cooperation. However, Israel’s strong technological strength and economic foundation still provide the possibility for it to seek new opportunities for cooperation in the economic field.
There is a possibility of escalating religious tensions in the relationship between the Islamic world and Israel. The changing stance of Islamic countries and the different reactions of religious leaders have made the relationship between the two sides more complex. Israel needs to handle its relations with the Islamic world with caution, using peaceful means such as dialogue to alleviate religious conflicts and avoid further deterioration of the situation.
8.2 Future situation prediction
The situation in the Middle East region is full of uncertainties after the signing of the alliance agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan.
Regional conflicts may further escalate. The contradictions between Israel and neighboring countries and armed groups are already sharp, and the signing of the agreement may make some countries more united against Israel, leading to frequent conflicts. Gaza Strip, Lebanon and other places may become new hotspots of conflict. The relationship between regional powers will also continue to adjust. The competition between Saudi Arabia and Iran may be more intense, and Türkiye will seek its own development in balancing the interests of all parties.
This event may also have multiple impacts on the international community. Politically, it may trigger a re examination of the Middle East policy by the international community, and major powers such as the United States need to adjust their Middle East strategies to safeguard their own interests. In the economic field, regional instability can affect the global energy market and exacerbate fluctuations in oil prices. At the same time, the turmoil in the Middle East will also have an impact on the global counter-terrorism situation, and terrorist organizations may take advantage of the chaos to carry out activities, bringing new security challenges to the international community.
However, there is also the possibility of positive changes. If all parties can exercise restraint and resolve issues through dialogue and consultation, the Middle East region is expected to develop towards peace and stability. Strengthening economic cooperation can also help alleviate regional conflicts and promote common development among countries. The international community should actively promote the Middle East peace process and contribute to regional stability.
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