The Middle East has been a focal point of world politics and military since ancient times, with complex geopolitics, abundant resources, and diverse religious and cultural influences, making it a sensitive area of international concern. On this land, Egypt and Israel are like two important chess pieces, playing a crucial role in the development of the regional situation.
Egypt, as an ancient country in northeastern Africa, spans across the continents of Asia and Africa, guarding the Suez Canal, a world shipping artery. The strategic significance of its geographical location is self-evident. From a historical perspective, Egypt was once a regional political and military powerhouse with a glorious civilization and profound military heritage. However, in modern society, especially in the complex political and military environment of the Middle East, Egypt faces many challenges.
Israel is a small country known for its military power in the Middle East. Since its founding, Israel has demonstrated strong military capabilities in multiple regional conflicts through advanced weapons and equipment, efficient military organization, and strong international support, becoming an undeniable military power in the Middle East. Its leading advantages in military technology, strategy and tactics have put considerable pressure on neighboring countries.
For Egypt, strengthening its military power is of great significance. Against the backdrop of ongoing regional conflicts and frequent terrorist threats, only with sufficient military strength can we effectively maintain national security and stability, and ensure the safe and smooth operation of strategic locations such as the Suez Canal. This not only concerns Egypt’s own interests, but also has a significant impact on peace and development in the entire Middle East region. Meanwhile, strengthening military power is also an important foundation for Egypt to enhance its international status and play a greater role in international affairs. In this context, it is of great practical significance to deeply analyze Egypt’s current military situation and explore how it can respond to Israel’s military pressure.
2、 The Current State of Egypt’s Military Strength
2.1 Size and Structure of the Egyptian Army
As an important military force in the Middle East, the Egyptian army has a relatively large scale and a relatively complete organizational structure. Its total military strength ranks among the top in Arab countries and is also one of the larger armies globally.
From the perspective of the army, the Egyptian army is the main force of its army, with a large number of troops. The army has multiple mechanized infantry divisions, armored divisions and other combat units, equipped with a large number of heavy weapons such as tanks and armored vehicles. In terms of troop deployment, the army has heavy troops stationed in Egypt’s border areas, important cities, and strategic locations to respond to potential security threats from the land border.
In terms of navy, the Egyptian navy is relatively small in size, but has a certain influence in the Red Sea and Mediterranean regions. The navy has multiple escort ships, destroyers, submarines, and other vessels responsible for safeguarding Egypt’s maritime borders and maritime passages. Its troops are mainly deployed in port bases in the Red Sea and Mediterranean, such as Alexandria, to ensure that Egypt’s maritime interests are not violated.
The Air Force is an important component of the Egyptian military, equipped with advanced fighter jets, bombers, and reconnaissance planes. The air force is deployed at multiple air bases, capable of effectively defending Egypt’s airspace and conducting aerial strikes on ground targets when necessary.
The Egyptian military also has a certain scale of special forces and reserve forces. Special forces have undergone professional training and possess the ability to carry out special tasks, such as counter-terrorism and reconnaissance. Reserve forces can rapidly expand their military size and provide strong military support during wartime.
However, there are also some structural issues with the Egyptian military. If the collaborative combat capability between various military branches needs to be improved, it may be difficult to maximize combat effectiveness in the face of complex modern warfare. There are also certain differences in equipment levels between different units, which poses challenges to the unified command and combat of the military.
2.2 Egypt’s main weapons and equipment and modernization level
Egypt’s main weapons and equipment cover multiple fields such as land, sea, and air, including some advanced equipment.
In terms of army equipment, Egypt has a large number of tanks, such as T-62, T-72 and other models. These tanks have a certain advantage in quantity, but there is still a certain gap in performance compared to the world’s advanced level. In recent years, Egypt has also begun to introduce some more advanced tanks, such as Russia’s T-90MS, to enhance the army’s combat capabilities. In terms of artillery, Egypt is equipped with multiple models of self-propelled and towed artillery, but these artillery still need to be improved in terms of information technology and precision strike capabilities.
In terms of naval equipment, Egypt has several advanced frigates and destroyers, such as the “Northwest Wind” class amphibious assault ships, which have certain maritime combat capabilities. However, the submarine force of the Egyptian Navy is relatively weak, mainly relying on some old models of submarines, which have obvious shortcomings in underwater combat. In addition, the Egyptian navy also lacks large surface combat vessels, which to some extent limits its ability to engage in deep-sea combat.
Air force equipment is a relatively advanced field in the Egyptian military. The Egyptian Air Force is equipped with a large number of fighter jets, such as F-16, MiG-29, etc., which have strong air combat capabilities. In recent years, Egypt has also introduced French Rafale fighter jets, further enhancing the combat effectiveness of the air force. In terms of helicopters, Egypt has multiple models of armed helicopters and transport helicopters, which can provide strong air support for ground forces.
However, the overall modernization level of Egypt’s weapons and equipment is not high enough. Many devices are still at the level of the last century, lacking modern information systems and precision guided weapons. This may put the Egyptian army at a disadvantage when facing opponents with advanced equipment. Moreover, Egypt’s independent research and development capabilities in weapons and equipment are relatively weak, mainly relying on imports, which not only increases military spending but also limits the upgrading of weapons and equipment.
2.3 Military Training and Strategic Deployment in Egypt
Egypt’s military training system is constantly developing and improving, emphasizing the cultivation of soldiers’ basic combat skills and teamwork abilities.
In terms of basic training, the Egyptian army conducts strict physical training, shooting training, tactical training, etc. for new recruits to ensure that soldiers have basic combat qualities. For military officers, there are specialized military academies for training to develop their command skills and strategic thinking. In terms of practical training, the Egyptian military regularly holds various military exercises, including individual exercises and unit coordinated combat exercises, to enhance the military’s combat capabilities.
Egypt’s military strategic deployment is mainly based on its geographical location and security environment considerations. On the land border, Egypt has deployed heavy troops in the Sudan border, Libya border, and border areas with Israel to prevent external invasion and border conflicts. In the Red Sea and Mediterranean regions, the Egyptian navy conducts regular patrols to ensure the safety of sea lanes.
However, there are also some shortcomings in Egypt’s military training and strategic deployment. In terms of military training, the training content and methods of the Egyptian army are relatively traditional, lacking targeted training for modern information warfare and asymmetric warfare. This may make it difficult for the military to quickly adapt to new forms of warfare. In terms of strategic deployment, Egypt relies too much on traditional ground defense and lacks strategic attention to the aerospace and cyberspace fields. With the development of modern warfare, the aerospace and cyberspace fields have become important areas of warfare. If Egypt fails to strengthen its deployment in this regard in a timely manner, it may be in a passive position in future wars.
3、 Israel’s military strength advantage
3.1 Advanced level of weapons and equipment in Israel
Israel’s advanced level of weapons and equipment is second to none globally, thanks to its strong research and development and production capabilities, as well as extensive international cooperation.
In terms of air force equipment, Israel has numerous advanced fighter jets. Among them, the F-35I “Lightning II” fighter jet is one of the main aircraft models of the Israeli Air Force. It has high stealth performance, advanced electronic warfare systems, and powerful combat capabilities, and can perform various complex aerial missions. In addition, Israel has independently developed the “Young Lion” fighter jet, which is not inferior to many advanced fighter jets in terms of performance and has strong maneuverability and aerial combat capabilities.
Among naval equipment, submarine power is particularly prominent. Israel has multiple German made Dolphin class submarines equipped with advanced torpedo and missile systems, possessing strong underwater attack capabilities. Moreover, Israel is constantly upgrading its submarines to carry nuclear missiles, further enhancing the navy’s strategic deterrence.
In terms of army equipment, Israel’s Merkava tank is one of the world-renowned advanced tanks. It adopts a unique layout design, with the engine positioned at the front, enhancing the tank’s survivability. At the same time, the Merkava tank is equipped with advanced fire control systems and powerful firepower, which can demonstrate strong combat effectiveness on the battlefield. Israel has also continuously improved the Merkava tank, launching a series of improved models to maintain its world leading performance.
Israel has numerous advanced military industrial enterprises and research institutions in the research and production of weapons and equipment. These enterprises and institutions are not only capable of independently developing and producing various advanced weapons and equipment, but also able to improve and upgrade existing equipment according to practical needs. Israel’s weapons and equipment are also highly favored in the international market, and many countries have purchased Israeli weapons and equipment, which further promotes the development of Israel’s weapons and equipment.
3.2 Israel’s Military Technology and Innovation Capability
Israel’s military technology and innovation capabilities are leading in the Middle East and even globally, providing strong support for its formidable military strength.
In terms of drone technology, Israel is undoubtedly a major drone country. The “Habib” drone developed by Israel is a type of unmanned aerial vehicle with autonomous attack capability. It can autonomously search and attack radar targets, posing a serious threat to enemy air defense systems. In addition, Israel has also developed various types of drones, such as reconnaissance drones, attack drones, etc. These drones have world-class performance and are widely used in military reconnaissance, counter-terrorism and other tasks.
Cyber warfare technology is also a major highlight of Israel’s military technology. Israel has strong cyber warfare capabilities and can attack and interfere with enemy network systems. In multiple conflicts, Israel’s cyber warfare forces have played an important role, successfully disrupting the enemy’s communication and command and control systems, creating favorable conditions for Israel’s military operations.
In terms of electronic warfare systems, Israel also has strong capabilities. Israel’s electronic warfare system can interfere with and suppress enemy electronic systems such as radar and communication, significantly reducing the enemy’s combat capability. Israel’s “Blue Shield” electronic warfare system is a highly advanced electronic warfare system that can simultaneously interfere with multiple targets and has strong combat effectiveness.
Israel’s military technological innovation achievements are also reflected in many other fields, such as missile defense systems, laser weapons, etc. Israel’s “Iron Dome” missile defense system can effectively intercept various incoming targets such as rockets and shells, providing strong air defense protection for Israel. Israel has also made significant progress in the research of laser weapons, which is expected to be widely applied in the military field in the future.
3.3 Israel’s Military Strategy and Tactics
Israel’s military strategy and tactics have distinct characteristics that have gradually formed through long-term war practice.
In terms of military strategy, Israel emphasizes the strategic idea of “preemptive strike”. Due to Israel’s small land area and lack of strategic depth, it often adopts a preemptive strategy in the face of potential threats to gain strategic initiative. In multiple Middle Eastern wars, Israel has successfully weakened the enemy’s combat capabilities and won victories for itself through preemptive strikes.
At the tactical level, Israel emphasizes rapid maneuverability and precise strikes. The Israeli army is well-equipped and well-trained, capable of quickly assembling and engaging in combat in a short period of time. In combat, the Israeli army often employs rapid maneuvering tactics, swiftly breaking through enemy defenses and delivering precise strikes on key enemy targets. Israel’s special forces also have a high level of tactical proficiency, as they are capable of carrying out various difficult tasks such as decapitation operations and reconnaissance missions.
Israel’s military strategy and tactics have been fully applied in actual combat. In the Lebanon War, the Israeli army successfully destroyed many military targets of Hezbollah through rapid maneuvering and precise strikes. In the conflict in the Gaza Strip, the Israeli military also adopted similar tactics and effectively attacked Hamas’ military facilities.
However, Israel’s military strategy and tactics also face some challenges. With the continuous upgrading of enemy weapons and equipment and the improvement of combat capabilities, Israel needs to constantly innovate and adjust its military strategy and tactics to adapt to the new war situation.
4、 The military power gap between Egypt and Israel
4.1 Differences in military size between the two sides
The difference in military size between Egypt and Israel is quite significant. In terms of total military strength, the Egyptian army has a large number of troops, ranking among the top in Arab countries and also one of the larger armies in the world. According to relevant data, the total strength of the Egyptian army is about 450000 people, while the total strength of the Israeli army is about 175000 people, giving Egypt a numerical advantage.
In terms of army strength, the Egyptian army has a large number of troops, including multiple mechanized infantry divisions, armored divisions, and other combat units. The Israeli army has relatively few troops, but it has a high degree of mechanization and possesses a large number of advanced tanks and armored vehicles. In terms of naval strength, the Egyptian navy is relatively small and mainly responsible for maritime defense in the Red Sea and Mediterranean regions. Its forces are mainly deployed in important port bases. Although the size of the Israeli Navy is not large, its submarine force is strong, with multiple German made Dolphin class submarines and strong underwater combat capabilities.
In terms of air force strength, the Egyptian Air Force has advanced fighter jets, bombers, and reconnaissance planes, with troops deployed at multiple air bases. The Israeli Air Force also has a strong military force, equipped with advanced fighter jets such as the F-35I and Lightning II, which are an important part of its military.
In terms of reserve forces, Egypt has a large reserve force that can rapidly expand its military size during wartime. Israel implements a universal military system, with a strong reserve force that can quickly mobilize a large number of troops for combat in a short period of time.
Overall, Egypt has an advantage in the total military strength and the number of army forces, but Israel has shown stronger strength in the quality of its navy and air force forces, as well as the mobilization efficiency of its reserve forces. This difference may have a significant impact on the combat capabilities of both sides in modern warfare.
4.2 Quantity and Quality Gap of Weapons and Equipment
There is a certain gap between Egypt and Israel in terms of the quantity and quality of weapons and equipment.
In terms of air force equipment, although Egypt has a large number of fighter jets such as F-16 and MiG-29, it is not as advanced as Israel in terms of the number of fighter jets. Israel is equipped with stealth fighters such as F-35I and Lightning II, which have high stealth performance and powerful combat capabilities. In terms of the number of helicopters, Egypt has a certain scale of armed and transport helicopters, while Israel has an advantage in special operations helicopters.
In terms of naval equipment, Egypt has several advanced frigates and destroyers, such as the “Northwest Wind” class amphibious assault ships, but there are shortcomings in submarines and surface combat vessels. Israel, on the other hand, has multiple advanced Dolphin class submarines that are constantly being upgraded and modified to possess strong underwater attack capabilities.
In terms of army equipment, Egypt has a large number of tanks, such as T-62, T-72 and other models, but their performance is relatively backward. In recent years, although some advanced tanks such as T-90MS have been introduced, the quantity is limited. The Israeli Merkava tank is one of the world’s renowned advanced tanks, featuring a unique layout design, powerful fire control system and firepower, and constantly being improved and upgraded.
In terms of the quality of weapons and equipment, Israel’s weapons and equipment are generally more advanced, with strong independent research and development and production capabilities. Many equipment are equipped with modern information systems and precision guided weapons, which can play a greater role in information warfare. However, the overall modernization level of Egypt’s weapons and equipment is not high, with many devices remaining at the level of the last century, lacking modern information systems and precision guided weapons. When facing Israel, which has advanced equipment, it may be at a disadvantage.
4.3 Differences in Military Training and Combat Experience
There are significant differences between Egypt and Israel in military training and combat experience.
In terms of military training level, Egypt’s military training system focuses on cultivating soldiers’ basic combat skills and teamwork abilities, providing strict physical, shooting, tactical and other basic training for new recruits, and also having specialized military academy training for officers. However, the training content and methods are relatively traditional, lacking targeted training for modern information warfare and asymmetric warfare.
Israel’s military training is more advanced and comprehensive. The Israeli military emphasizes practical training and frequently conducts high-intensity military exercises and actual combat drills to enhance soldiers’ combat skills and adaptability. In terms of special forces training, Israel has a world-class special forces training system, and its special forces members have undergone strict screening and rigorous training, possessing the ability to perform various difficult tasks.
From combat experience, although Egypt has participated in multiple wars throughout its history, it has relatively limited practical experience in recent decades. Israel is different. Since its founding, Israel has experienced multiple Middle Eastern wars and conflicts with neighboring countries, accumulating rich combat experience. In these wars, the Israeli military demonstrated outstanding combat and tactical capabilities, particularly with unique experience and advantages in preemptive strikes, rapid maneuvering, and precision strikes.
These combat experiences enable the Israeli military to more confidently respond to various challenges when facing complex and ever-changing battlefield environments. The Egyptian army, on the other hand, needs to accumulate and improve more practical experience in order to enhance its combat capabilities.
5、 The risks and challenges that Egypt will face if it does not enhance its military strength
5.1 Impact of Regional Security Situation on Egypt’s National Security
The security situation in the Middle East is like a tangled mess, constantly changing, which poses a serious challenge to Egypt’s national security. Terrorism is like a venomous snake hidden in the dark, capable of launching attacks at any time, posing a huge security threat to Egypt. In recent years, although the activities of extremist terrorist organizations in Syria, Iraq and other places have been somewhat affected, there are still some residual forces that have fled to neighboring countries, and Egypt is also unable to escape unscathed. These terrorist organizations may cause explosions, attacks and other terrorist incidents within Egypt, which will not only cause a large number of casualties and property losses, but also seriously disrupt social order and stability, affecting Egypt’s national image and economic development.
Border conflicts are also a major hidden danger in the regional security situation. Egypt borders multiple countries with long borders. In complex regional situations, conflicts and disputes in some border areas may be intensified, leading to border conflicts. For example, there has always been a dispute over territorial ownership in the border area with Sudan. If the two sides cannot resolve the conflict peacefully, Egypt will have to invest a large amount of military force to respond, which will consume a lot of manpower, material resources, and financial resources, and have a serious impact on the country’s security and development.
In addition, the power game in the Middle East will also have an indirect impact on Egypt’s security. In order to compete for regional influence, major powers may support different forces or countries, thereby exacerbating regional tensions. As an important country in the region, Egypt is inevitably involved. If Egypt’s military strength is insufficient, it may be in a passive position in the great power game, unable to effectively maintain its own interests and security, and may even become a sacrificial lamb in the great power game.
5.2 The threat of military expansion by neighboring countries to Egypt
Some of Egypt’s neighboring countries are actively engaged in military expansion, which poses a potential threat to Egypt that cannot be ignored. Saudi Arabia, as an important country in the Middle East, has been strengthening its military power in recent years. Saudi Arabia has abundant oil resources and strong economic strength, which provides strong financial support for its military expansion. Saudi Arabia has extensively procured advanced weapons and equipment, such as the US F-15 fighter jets and tanks, while also engaging in military cooperation with multiple countries to enhance its military training and combat capabilities.
Saudi Arabia’s military expansion is mainly aimed at maintaining its position and influence in the Middle East, as well as responding to threats from countries such as Iran. However, Saudi Arabia’s increased military strength may also exert some pressure on Egypt. If Saudi Arabia takes a tough attitude and actions in regional affairs, it may conflict with Egypt’s interests, and if Egypt lacks military strength, it may be at a disadvantage in such conflicts.
Iran is also a country that is constantly expanding militarily. Iran has a relatively strong military industry and can independently develop and produce some weapons and equipment, such as missiles, submarines, etc. Iran also supports armed groups in certain regions, such as Hezbollah in Lebanon, to expand its influence. The threat of Iran’s military expansion to Egypt is mainly reflected in two aspects: on the one hand, Iran may interfere with Egypt’s stability by supporting some anti-government forces; On the other hand, if there is a conflict between Iran and countries such as Saudi Arabia, it may trigger the outbreak of regional wars, and Egypt will inevitably be involved. Egypt, which lacks military strength, will find it difficult to cope with this complex situation.
5.3 The impact of the lack of military power on the discourse power in the Egyptian region
In the Middle East, military strength is an important support for a country’s discourse power and influence. If Egypt lacks military power, it will have a serious impact on its voice and influence in regional affairs.
Military power is often an important guarantee for a country to play a role in resolving regional conflicts and issues. For example, in regional hot issues such as the Syrian civil war and the Yemen conflict, if Egypt has a strong military force, it can actively participate in peace mediation and maintain regional stability, using military means to deter all parties to the conflict and encourage them to return to the negotiating table, thus playing a greater role in regional affairs. If Egypt’s military strength is insufficient, it will be difficult to play an effective role in these issues and can only passively accept the arrangements and decisions of other major powers, seriously weakening its regional discourse power.
In regional cooperation, military power is also an important bargaining chip for a country. Egypt, as an important country in the Middle East, has extensive cooperation with neighboring countries in various fields such as economy and security. If Egypt has a strong military force, it can occupy a more advantageous position in cooperation and better safeguard its own interests. For example, in energy and security cooperation with countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran, a strong military force can give Egypt more confidence in negotiations, ensuring fairness and mutual benefit in cooperation. If Egypt’s military strength is insufficient, it may be dominated by other major powers in cooperation, and its own interests may be difficult to safeguard.
In addition, the lack of military power will also affect Egypt’s image and status on the international stage. A country with strong military power is often more likely to be respected and valued by other countries, while a country with insufficient military power is easily overlooked. Egypt, as a country with a long history and splendid culture, has always held an important position in the international community. If Egypt lacks military strength, it will be difficult for it to play a greater role in international affairs, and its international status will also be affected to some extent.
6、 The constraining factors for Egypt to enhance its military strength
6.1 The impact of Egypt’s economic situation on military spending
The economic situation of Egypt has a direct and profound impact on its military spending. In terms of GDP, Egypt, as the third largest economy in Africa, has a certain economic scale. In 2023, Egypt’s gross domestic product will be approximately $384.7 billion, with a per capita GDP of $3733, which is at a moderate level globally. However, Egypt’s economic development faces many challenges, such as a single industrial structure, relying mainly on oil and gas exports and Suez Canal revenue, and weak economic resilience. Egypt’s manufacturing and agricultural development is relatively lagging behind, making it difficult to support sustained and stable economic growth.
In terms of fiscal budget, Egypt’s financial situation is not optimistic. The government faces significant financial pressure in order to maintain social welfare, infrastructure construction, and other expenditures. In recent years, Egypt’s fiscal deficit has been consistently high, and the government has had to resort to borrowing to make up for the shortfall. In 2023, Egypt’s public debt to GDP ratio is about 90.5%, which greatly limits the government’s military spending. In order to control the fiscal deficit, the government needs to compress various expenditures, and military spending is also difficult to increase significantly.
Egypt’s inflation problem is also quite serious. The inflation rate in Egypt in 2023 is about 18.7%, and high prices have increased the cost of living for residents and further burdened the government’s finances. The government needs to allocate more funds towards stabilizing prices and ensuring people’s livelihoods, thereby reducing the funds available for military construction.
In such an economic situation, Egypt’s military spending is greatly constrained. Although Egypt needs to maintain a certain level of military spending in order to maintain national security, it is difficult to significantly increase military spending due to economic constraints. This has led to a shortage of funds for Egypt in introducing advanced weapons and equipment, and improving the modernization level of the military, which has affected the progress of military construction.
6.2 Impact of International Arms Trade Restrictions on Egypt
The restrictions on international arms trade have had a significant impact on Egypt’s acquisition of advanced weapons and equipment. On a global scale, arms trade is strictly regulated by international law and policies of various countries. Some countries or organizations may impose restrictions on arms trade in order to maintain regional stability and prevent weapon proliferation.
For Egypt, as an important country in the Middle East, its arms procurement is also affected by international arms trade restrictions. On the one hand, some advanced weapon and equipment producing countries may impose restrictions on exporting weapons and equipment to Egypt due to political factors, regional situations, and other reasons. For example, as the world’s largest arms exporting country, the United States’ arms sales policy to Egypt is influenced by its Middle East policy. If the United States believes that Egypt does not meet its requirements in certain aspects, it may reduce or suspend arms exports to Egypt, which will affect Egypt’s plans to acquire advanced weapons and equipment.
On the other hand, international arms trade restrictions have also made Egypt face higher costs in weapons procurement. Some countries that produce weapons and equipment may increase prices or attach conditions when exporting weapons due to various restrictions. In order to obtain these weapons and equipment, Egypt needs to pay higher fees, which further increases its military burden.
International arms trade restrictions may also lead to Egypt lagging behind in upgrading its weapons and equipment. In modern warfare, the progressiveness of weapons and equipment is crucial to the combat capability of the military. If Egypt cannot obtain advanced weapons and equipment in a timely manner, it may create a military gap with neighboring countries, affecting its ability to maintain national security and regional stability.
6.3 Impact of Domestic Political Stability and Reform Process on Military Construction
The domestic political stability and reform process have a profound impact on Egypt’s military construction. Political stability is an important prerequisite for military construction. Only in a stable political environment can the government formulate and implement long-term military development plans and invest sufficient resources in military construction.
In recent years, the political situation in Egypt has experienced certain fluctuations. Although the current government has achieved certain results in maintaining national stability, there are still some unstable factors in the country, such as the threat of terrorism and religious conflicts. These unstable factors will distract the government’s energy, affecting its investment and attention in military construction. The government needs to allocate more resources to maintain domestic security and stability, thereby reducing the funds and manpower available for military construction.
In terms of the reform process, Egypt is also undergoing a series of reforms, including economic and political reforms. These reforms are of great significance for the long-term development of the country, but may also have a certain impact on military construction. For example, economic reform may adjust industrial structure and optimize resource allocation, which may affect the development of industries related to military industry. Political reform may involve the adjustment of government institutions and the transformation of functions, which may affect the operation of the military management system.
However, reform also brings opportunities. Through reform, Egypt can optimize its military management system and improve the efficiency of military construction. For example, by reforming the military procurement system, the transparency and efficiency of weapon and equipment procurement can be improved, and procurement costs can be reduced. By reforming the military training system, advanced training concepts and methods can be introduced to enhance the combat capability of the military. But reform requires a process, during which some problems and challenges may arise, requiring the government to actively respond and ensure the smooth progress of military construction.