1、 The challenges currently facing Egypt domestically
1.1 Political Stability Status
The current political situation in Egypt can be described as volatile and unstable. Since the outbreak of the Arab Spring in 2011, Egypt has been plunged into sustained political turmoil. The public’s dissatisfaction with the government continues to accumulate, and demonstrations, marches, and protests occur from time to time. After the overthrow of the Mubarak regime, Egypt experienced a brief period of democratic experimentation, but then faced military intervention after Morsi came to power. The Morsi regime was overthrown, and Egypt once again fell into a political crisis.
The stability of the regime is facing severe challenges. The frequent changes in government and the lack of continuity and stability in policies have made the political development direction of the country uncertain. The problem of social unrest is also very prominent, with high unemployment rates and economic difficulties exacerbating social dissatisfaction. The widening gap between the rich and the poor has also triggered the intensification of social conflicts. The conflicts of interest between different classes and groups continue, and the cohesion of society is severely weakened.
The terrorist attacks have added insult to injury to Egypt’s political stability. Extreme organizations frequently launch attacks within Egypt, targeting government agencies, military forces, and civilians, resulting in a series of tragedies. These terrorist attacks not only caused a large number of casualties and property damage, but also seriously disrupted social security and order, causing people to live in fear and further exacerbating political instability.
On the one hand, the long-standing social contradictions in Egypt have not been effectively resolved, and on the other hand, external intervention and regional instability have also had a negative impact on Egypt’s political stability. To achieve political stability in Egypt, it is necessary to address these deep-seated issues, but this is undoubtedly a daunting task.
1.2 Economic difficulties
The Egyptian economy is facing many severe challenges, with inflation, debt crisis, and industrial difficulties intertwined, causing the country’s economy to fall into difficulties.
The problem of inflation is becoming increasingly severe. The continuous rise in prices of essential goods such as food and fuel has brought enormous pressure to the lives of ordinary people. According to relevant data, Egypt’s inflation rate has been at a relatively high level in recent years, mainly due to factors such as insufficient domestic production, increased import costs, and currency depreciation. The devaluation of the currency has reduced Egypt’s purchasing power in the international market, further pushing up the prices of imported goods and exacerbating inflation.
The debt crisis is also a major challenge for the Egyptian economy. In order to cope with the fiscal deficit and economic development needs, the Egyptian government has borrowed a large amount of foreign debt, but the continuous expansion of the debt scale has made the debt repayment pressure increasingly heavy. Egypt’s total external debt has reached a considerable level, and the heavy debt burden has limited the government’s fiscal space, affecting the sustainable development of the national economy.
The industrial difficulties cannot be ignored either. Egypt’s industrial structure is relatively single, mainly relying on a few industries such as oil, tourism, remittances, and the Suez Canal. The oil industry is greatly affected by fluctuations in international oil prices, and when international oil prices fall, Egypt’s oil revenue will significantly decrease. The tourism industry has also been impacted by safety issues, political turmoil, and other factors, resulting in a significant decline in the number of tourists. In addition, Egypt’s manufacturing industry lags behind, with low technological levels and a lack of competitiveness, making it difficult to drive diversified economic development.
The emergence of these issues is closely related to Egypt’s long-standing economic policies, industrial structure, and external environment. To solve these problems, Egypt needs to carry out deep economic reforms, optimize industrial structure, and improve production efficiency, but this requires time and a lot of effort, and also faces many uncertainties and risks.
1.3 Social Contradictions and Religious Divergence
The religious factional conflicts and the clash between secularization and religious conservatism in Egyptian society are important factors affecting social stability.
Religious factional conflicts are particularly prominent in Egypt, mainly manifested as conflicts between Muslims and Coptic Christians. Coptic Christians are the largest Christian community in Egypt, accounting for approximately 10% to 15% of the country’s population. There are many differences between the two sides on issues such as church construction, cross religious marriage, and religious changes. For example, church construction issues often lead to conflicts, and Coptic Christians need to go through complex approval procedures to build churches, which are often opposed and obstructed by Muslims. Cross religious marriage often sparks social controversy, and marriages between different religious beliefs are often subjected to immense pressure from both family and society.
The conflict between secularization and religious conservatism is also intensifying. With the modernization process of society, some people advocate secularization and hope to separate religion from politics, law, and other fields, emphasizing individual freedom and democratic rule of law. Religious conservative forces, on the other hand, adhere to traditional religious values and oppose the influence of secularization, believing that secularization will weaken the status and influence of religion. This conflict is reflected in multiple fields such as politics, law, culture, etc., such as women’s rights, education system, etc. There are significant differences in the views of secularization and religious conservative forces.
The emergence of these contradictions and conflicts is due to both historical reasons and practical social factors. Throughout history, conflicts and contradictions between religions have existed in Egypt, and the development and changes in modern society have exacerbated these contradictions. To solve these problems, it is necessary to promote dialogue and understanding between different religions, strengthen religious tolerance and inclusiveness, and promote the modernization and secularization process of society. However, this requires joint efforts from all parties to overcome many difficulties and challenges.
2、 The dominant force in the Islamic world
2.1 Saudi Arabia’s Influence
In the Islamic world, Saudi Arabia holds significant influence.
From a political perspective, Saudi Arabia has long been committed to becoming the leader of the Islamic world by leveraging its advantage as a religious holy site. In 1926, Ibn Saud held the “World Muslim Congress” in Mecca. Although he did not succeed to the caliphate system, the World Muslim Congress later developed into an influential international Islamic non-governmental organization. During the Cold War, Saudi Arabia vigorously promoted pan Islamist diplomacy, created a series of Islamic international mechanisms, and supported and controlled multiple Islamic international organizations. The Islamic League, established in 1962, was a product of Saudi Arabia’s use of “Islamic solidarity” to counter Egypt’s “Arab solidarity”. Saudi Arabia plays an important role in political affairs in the Islamic world through these organizations.
In the economic field, Saudi Arabia, as an energy powerhouse, ranks second and eighth in the world in terms of proven reserves of crude oil and natural gas, and is one of the world’s largest oil exporting countries. Its abundant oil resources have brought enormous wealth to Saudi Arabia, giving it an important position on the international economic stage. Saudi Arabia has strengthened its economic influence in the Islamic world by providing economic assistance to other Islamic countries through its oil economy. In recent years, Saudi Arabia has been promoting economic diversification through a series of “Saudi style reform and opening up” initiatives, such as the “2030 Vision” plan aimed at reducing dependence on the oil economy and developing non oil sectors, which will further affect its position in the Islamic world economy.
In terms of religion, Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam, with the two holy sites of Mecca and Medina located within its borders, attracting millions of Muslims to pilgrimage every year. Saudi Arabia plays a crucial role in the dissemination of Islam and the development of Islamic culture, by funding Islamic education and research projects to promote Islamic doctrine and values globally.
Saudi Arabia, with its advantages in politics, economy, religion, and other aspects, occupies an important position in the Islamic world and has an undeniable influence on regional affairs and the development direction of the Islamic world.
2.2 Iran’s Status
Iran holds an undisputed leadership position in the Shia Islamic world and has a profound impact on regional affairs.
As a stronghold of Shia Muslims, Iran has positioned itself as a defender of Shia Muslim interests since the Islamic Revolution. During the Khomeini era, Iran put forward the slogan of “no East, no West, only Islam” and actively exported Islamic revolution, which greatly attracted Shia Muslims in neighboring countries and formed the so-called “Shia Crescent”. Iran has strengthened its influence in the Shia Islamic world by supporting Shia political forces in countries such as Iraq, Bahrain, Syria, and Yemen.
In regional affairs, Iran actively participates in political games in the Middle East region with its strong military power and geopolitical advantages. Iran supported the Syrian Assad government and played a crucial role in the Syrian civil war, helping the Assad government stabilize the situation. Iran also poses a threat to countries such as Israel and Saudi Arabia by supporting Shia armed groups such as Hezbollah in Lebanon and Houthis in Yemen. On the nuclear issue, Iran’s confrontation with Western countries has also attracted widespread attention from the international community, and the progress of its nuclear program has had a significant impact on the strategic balance in the Middle East region.
Iran’s geographical location also provides convenience for its influence in regional affairs. Iran is located in the heart of West Asia, known as the “Eurasian Land Bridge” and the “East West Air Corridor”, and is an important hub connecting the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. Its abundant oil and natural gas resources also give it a certain influence in the international energy market.
However, Iran’s leadership position also faces some challenges. The tense relationship between Iran and Sunni countries has caused concerns and opposition from Sunni countries due to its Shia expansion policy. Iran’s economic difficulties also limit its influence in regional affairs. Overall, Iran’s leadership position in the Shia Islamic world and its influence on regional affairs cannot be ignored.
2.3 Impact of Türkiye
Türkiye’s role and influence in politics, culture and other aspects of the Islamic world have undergone complex changes.
Historically, during the Ottoman Empire, Türkiye was one of the centers of the Islamic world and had a profound impact on Europe and the Islamic world. The Ottoman Empire ruled over vast regions of West Asia, North Africa, and Southeast Europe, and its political, economic, cultural, and military power were world-class at the time. The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire also called himself the Caliph and was a religious leader in the Islamic world, playing an important role in the development and spread of Islam.
In modern times, Türkiye has carried out secularization reform under the leadership of Kemal, gradually moving towards a westernized development path, and its relationship with the Islamic world has weakened. However, in recent years, Türkiye has gradually adjusted its foreign policy, strengthened its ties with countries in the Islamic world, and tried to regain its influence in the Islamic world. Türkiye actively participates in political affairs in the Middle East, such as the Syrian civil war, the Libyan conflict, etc., and tries to play a mediation and leadership role. Türkiye has also strengthened its ties with other Islamic countries through economic, cultural and other means, such as providing assistance to Palestine and other countries to promote Türkiye’s culture and language.
In terms of culture, Türkiye culture is an important part of Islamic culture, which has a wide influence on the Islamic world. Türkiye’s food, music, dance, architecture and other cultural elements are popular in the Islamic world. Türkiye’s TV dramas, films and other cultural products have a high audience rating and influence in Islamic countries. Türkiye also strengthens cultural exchanges and cooperation with other Islamic countries by holding various cultural activities and academic exchanges.
However, Türkiye’s influence in the Islamic world also faces some challenges. Its secularization policies and Westernization tendencies have caused concerns and dissatisfaction among some Islamic countries, and its political intervention in the Middle East has also sparked opposition from some countries. But generally speaking, Türkiye still has a certain influence in politics, culture and other aspects of the Islamic world, and its future development direction and role deserve attention.
3、 Egypt’s Relations with Other Islamic Countries
3.1 Relations with Saudi Arabia
The relationship between Egypt and Saudi Arabia presents a complex situation of cooperation and competition in politics, economy, religion, and other aspects.
Politically, there have been periods of close cooperation between the two countries. For example, on the Syrian issue, Egypt and Saudi Arabia both supported the Syrian opposition and opposed the Bashar al Assad regime. But there are also differences between the two countries on some specific issues. For example, in the Qatar diplomatic crisis, Egypt initially did not immediately follow up with Saudi Arabia’s sanctions against Qatar, but adopted a relatively cautious attitude and attempted to mediate between the parties, reflecting Egypt’s search for a balance between maintaining regional stability and its own interests.
In the economic field, cooperation and competition coexist. Saudi Arabia was once an important oil supplier to Egypt, providing a large amount of fuel aid and alleviating Egypt’s energy shortage problem. But in 2021, Saudi Arabia suddenly stopped supplying oil to Egypt, which had a certain impact on the Egyptian economy. In terms of trade, the two countries are important trading partners to each other. Egypt exports agricultural products, textiles, etc. to Saudi Arabia, while Saudi Arabia exports petroleum products, etc. to Egypt. There is a certain degree of complementarity between the two sides economically, but there is also a competitive relationship due to market competition and other factors.
In terms of religion, there is competition between the two countries. As the birthplace of Islam, Saudi Arabia has two holy sites, Mecca and Medina, and holds a high religious status in the Islamic world. It is committed to promoting the Wahhabi doctrine. Egypt, on the other hand, takes pride in its long history and profound Islamic cultural heritage. Al Azhar University has significant influence in Islamic academic research and cultural dissemination, and there is a certain competition between the two sides in terms of religious discourse power in the Islamic world.
Overall, the relationship between Egypt and Saudi Arabia involves both cooperation and competition, and the complexity of this relationship stems from the different interests and strategic considerations of the two countries in regional affairs.
3.2 Relations with Iran
The relationship between Egypt and Iran has undergone a complex historical evolution, and currently has a significant impact on the regional situation due to the coexistence of cooperation and differences.
In history, there have been periods of friendship between the two countries. During the reign of King Pahlavi, Iran and Egypt maintained close relations and had good cooperation in politics, economy, and other fields. However, after the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979, the relationship between the two countries began to deteriorate. Egypt opposes Iran’s export of the Islamic Revolution, while Iran expresses dissatisfaction with Egypt’s relations with Western countries such as the United States. Afterwards, there were differences between the two sides on multiple issues, such as the Israeli Palestinian issue, where Egypt advocated for a peaceful resolution through negotiations, while Iran supported radical organizations in Palestine.
Currently, Egypt and Iran have certain potential for cooperation in certain fields. For example, in terms of economy, both sides intend to strengthen trade exchanges. Iran has abundant oil and gas resources, while Egypt needs energy supply. There is a certain degree of cooperation space between the two countries in energy trade. In terms of cultural exchange, both sides have a long history and rich cultural resources, which can enhance mutual understanding through cultural exchange.
But the differences between the two countries are still evident. On regional security issues, Egypt expresses concerns about Iran’s military and political influence in countries such as Syria and Lebanon, believing that Iran’s expansionist behavior threatens regional stability. In terms of religion, Egypt, as a country with a majority of Sunni Muslims, differs from Iran, which is a stronghold of Shia Muslims, in terms of religious beliefs and sectarian interests.
The relationship between Egypt and Iran has a significant impact on the regional situation. The cooperation and differences between the two countries not only affect their own interests, but also have a profound impact on the political landscape, security situation, and religious relations in the Middle East region. In the current complex and ever-changing situation in the Middle East, the direction of Egypt Iran relations is worth paying attention to.
3.3 Relations with Türkiye
The relationship between Egypt and Türkiye presents a complex and changeable situation in terms of politics, economy and regional competition.
In terms of political interaction, the relationship between the two countries has been in a state of tension for a long time. Türkiye supports the Muslim Brotherhood, which has been declared a terrorist organization by the Egyptian authorities, which has led to the deterioration of relations between the two countries. In 2013, the two sides recalled their ambassadors, and the diplomatic relations were downgraded to the level of temporary agent. But in recent years, there have been signs of easing in the relationship between the two countries. In March 2023, Egypt and Türkiye will prepare for the second round of “exploratory” talks at the level of deputy foreign ministers, aimed at discussing the issue of normalization of relations. In February 2024, President Erdogan of Türkiye visited Egypt, which is the first state visit of a Turkish head of state to Egypt in 12 years, and bilateral relations have made some progress.
In terms of economic cooperation, despite political tensions, the economic ties between the two countries have not been completely interrupted. The two countries once signed a free trade agreement, and the trade volume reached a new high at one point. Türkiye exports a large number of commodities to Egypt, such as textiles, machinery and equipment, while Egypt exports agricultural products to Türkiye. However, fluctuations in political relations have also affected economic cooperation, such as a decrease in trade volume during periods of tension between the two countries.
Regional competition is an important aspect of the relationship between the two countries. In terms of regional influence, Egypt and Türkiye both hope to play a greater role in the Middle East. On the Libyan issue, Egypt and Türkiye have obvious differences. Egypt supports the Libyan National Army, while Türkiye supports the Libyan national unity government. The military and political intervention of both sides in Libya has increased the tension in the regional situation. On the Syrian issue, the two countries also have different positions and interests.
In general, the relationship between Egypt and Türkiye is complex in politics, economy and regional competition. The evolution of this relationship is affected by many factors, such as the interests of the two countries, the regional situation and the international environment.
4、 The impact of external factors on Egypt’s status
4.1 US Policy towards Egypt
The United States’ policy towards Egypt has significant influence in politics, economy, military, and other aspects.
Politically, the United States has long regarded Egypt as an important ally and stabilizing force in the Middle East region. During the Mubarak era, the relationship between Egypt and the United States was close, and the United States provided strong support to the Mubarak regime. After the political turmoil in Egypt in 2011, the United States adjusted its policy towards Egypt and began to pay attention to its democratic process and human rights situation. During the Trump administration in 2017, the relationship between the United States and Egypt heated up. Trump highly praised the Sisi administration, but also criticized Egypt’s human rights issues. After the Biden administration took office, the US policy towards Egypt changed again, putting more pressure on the human rights situation and democratic process in Egypt, and reducing some aid to Egypt.
Economically, the United States is an important economic partner and aid provider for Egypt. The United States’ economic assistance to Egypt mainly focuses on infrastructure construction, education, healthcare, and other fields to help Egypt improve its economic development environment. At the same time, the United States is also an important trading partner of Egypt, with frequent trade exchanges in agricultural products, textiles, machinery and equipment between the two countries. However, the economic policy of the United States towards Egypt is also influenced by political factors, such as reducing economic aid to Egypt when the human rights situation is poor.
Militarily, the United States has provided significant military assistance to Egypt. Since the Sadat era, Egypt has been the second largest military aid provider to the United States, receiving approximately $1.3 billion in military aid annually. The United States provides Egypt with advanced weapons, equipment, and military training to help Egypt enhance its military strength. This military assistance not only enhances Egypt’s defense capabilities, but also makes Egypt more dependent on the support of the United States in regional affairs.
The US policy towards Egypt has had a profound impact on its development. Politically, the support and pressure from the United States are influencing Egypt’s political reform and stability; Economically, US aid and trade cooperation have played a certain role in promoting Egypt’s economic development, but have also constrained Egypt to some extent by US economic policies; Militarily, the assistance from the United States has enhanced Egypt’s military strength, but it has also formed a close interest relationship between Egypt and the United States in regional affairs.
4.2 Attitudes of European Countries
The attitude of European countries towards Egypt has a certain impact on politics, economy, culture, and other aspects.
Politically, European countries are generally concerned about Egypt’s democratic process and human rights situation. During the political turmoil in Egypt, European countries called on the Egyptian government to respect human rights and promote political reforms. European countries also maintain cooperation with Egypt in regional affairs, such as on the Israeli Palestinian issue, where they are jointly committed to promoting the Middle East peace process. European countries have also communicated and coordinated with Egypt on hot issues in regions such as Syria and Libya to maintain regional stability.
Economically, European countries are important trading partners and sources of investment for Egypt. European countries have extensive cooperation with Egypt in various fields such as energy, manufacturing, and services. European countries provide technical and financial support to Egypt to help improve its infrastructure and enhance its industrial structure. Meanwhile, European countries are also important tourist sources for Egypt, providing support for the development of Egypt’s tourism industry.
Culturally, European countries have been more active in cultural exchanges and cooperation with Egypt. European countries have extensive cooperation with Egypt in areas such as education, art, and cultural heritage conservation. The cooperation and exchange between universities and research institutions in European countries and academic institutions in Egypt have promoted progress in academic research between the two countries. European countries have also provided technical and financial support in the protection of Egypt’s cultural heritage, helping Egypt to preserve and restore its historical and cultural heritage.
However, the attitude of European countries towards Egypt is also influenced by some factors, such as their own economic situation, political agenda, and differences with Egypt on certain issues. Overall, European countries have a certain influence and role in Egypt’s politics, economy, culture, and other aspects, which helps promote Egypt’s development and maintain regional stability.
4.3 Impact on the Economic Development of Egypt
Western countries have had a significant impact on Egypt’s economic development and status mainly through economic means.
On the one hand, Western countries have played a certain role in promoting Egypt’s economic development through economic aid and investment. The United States, European countries, and others have provided significant economic assistance to Egypt to support its infrastructure construction, education, healthcare, and other fields. These aid funds have provided necessary support for Egypt’s economic development, helping Egypt improve its investment environment and people’s living standards. Western countries are also important sources of investment for Egypt, investing in fields such as energy, manufacturing, and services, bringing advanced technology and management experience to Egypt and promoting the development and upgrading of Egyptian industries.
On the other hand, Western countries have also exerted pressure on Egypt’s economic development through economic policies. When the human rights situation in Egypt is poor or political reform progress is slow, Western countries will reduce economic aid to Egypt or sanction Egyptian related companies. This economic pressure has had a certain negative impact on Egypt’s economic development, such as reducing its foreign exchange earnings and deteriorating investment environment. In addition, the international economic system dominated by Western countries has also imposed certain constraints on Egypt’s economic development. Egypt is in a marginalized position in the international economic system, making it difficult to obtain fair market competition opportunities and limiting its economic development to some extent.
Western countries are also affecting Egypt’s economic development through debt issues. Egypt has borrowed a large amount of foreign debt to cope with its fiscal deficit and economic development needs, with Western countries being one of Egypt’s main creditors. Western countries exert influence on Egypt through debt policies, demanding economic reforms and structural adjustments to align with the interests of Western countries. This debt pressure has posed many challenges and difficulties for Egypt’s economic development.
Overall, Western countries have had a complex impact on Egypt’s economic development through economic means, with both driving forces and constraints and pressures. Egypt needs to seek balance in its economic cooperation with Western countries, strive to develop its own economy, and enhance its position in the international economic system.
5、 Religious and cultural factors in Egypt
5.1 Religious Faction Composition
In this ancient land of Egypt, there is a rich and diverse composition of religious sects, with Islam and Christianity being the main ones.
Islam is the main religion in Egypt, with Sunni Muslims accounting for 84% of the country’s population. Sunni Islam has a strong foundation in Egypt, with its followers spread throughout the country, from bustling cities to remote villages, with Sunni Muslim mosques and followers. Sunni Islam dominates political, cultural, and social life, and Al Azhar University, as a center for Sunni Islamic academic research, has a significant impact on the entire Islamic world.
In addition to Sunni Islam, Egypt also has other Islamic sects such as Shia and Sufi. Although Shiites are not numerous in Egypt, they also have some influence in certain regions and communities. Sufism, on the other hand, attracts a portion of its followers with its unique religious practice and mystical color.
Christianity also has a long history in Egypt, with Coptic Christians being the largest Christian group in Egypt, accounting for approximately 10% to 15% of the country’s population. The Coptic Church has its own church, clergy, and doctrinal system, and holds an undeniable position in Egyptian society. Coptic Christians also play an important role in fields such as education and healthcare.
These religious sects together constitute Egypt’s diverse religious landscape, and through their collision and integration, they influence Egypt’s social development and cultural trends, and to some extent shape Egypt’s religious image in the Islamic world.
5.2 Secularization tendency
The secularization process in Egypt has been tortuous and complex, and has had multiple impacts on the recognition of the Islamic world.
During the Nasser era, Egypt underwent radical secularization reforms, with the government vigorously promoting secular education and limiting religious intervention in political and social life, attempting to establish a secular regime with the goal of a modern nation-state. During this period, Egypt’s secularization tendency was evident, and the country was developing towards secularization in politics, economy, culture, and other fields, weakening the influence of religion to a certain extent.
However, during the reigns of Sadat and Mubarak, there were fluctuations in the secularization process. In order to consolidate its political power, the government has to some extent utilized the power of religion, and the status of religion in political and social life has been elevated. However, at the same time, the trend of secularization has not completely disappeared, and Egypt’s modernization process is still ongoing. The concept of secularization still has a wide market among intellectuals and urban middle class.
After the outbreak of the Arab Spring in 2011, Egypt’s secularization process once again faced challenges. After the Muslim Brotherhood came to power, they attempted to strengthen the influence of religion on politics, while after Sisi came to power, he re emphasized secularization and emphasized the stability and development of the country. But no matter which force comes to power, the secularization tendency of Egyptian society is difficult to completely reverse.
The secularization trend in Egypt has had a complex impact on the identity of the Islamic world. On the one hand, secularization has made Egypt appear more open and modern in the Islamic world, with closer ties to Western countries, which has to some extent weakened Egypt’s sense of identity in the traditional Islamic world. On the other hand, secularization has also promoted the diverse development of Egyptian culture, enabling Egypt to maintain its cultural influence in the Islamic world. Egypt’s secularization experience has also provided reference for other Islamic countries, enabling the Islamic world to have more thinking and choices when facing modernization and secularization challenges.
5.3 The Influence of Culture on the Islamic World
The dissemination of Egyptian culture in the Islamic world has been profound and extensive, exerting a profound influence on other Islamic cultures and constantly integrating with them.
In ancient times, Egypt, as an ancient civilization, spread its culture to surrounding areas through trade, war, and other means. After Islam was introduced to Egypt, Egyptian culture merged with Islamic culture, forming a unique Arab Islamic culture. Egypt’s literature, art, architecture, and other fields are deeply influenced by Islamic culture, and have also contributed to the dissemination and development of Islamic culture.
In terms of literature, Egyptian Arabic poetry is deeply loved by people in the Islamic world for its beautiful rhythms and profound connotations. Many poems created by Egyptian poets have been widely circulated in the Islamic world and have become an important part of Islamic culture. In the field of art, Islamic art in Egypt combines various artistic styles, such as Greek, Roman, Persian and other artistic elements, forming a unique artistic style. The Islamic architecture in Egypt is renowned for its grand scale and exquisite decoration, such as the Al Azhar Mosque in Cairo and the Hariri Market, which have become models of Islamic architecture.
Egypt also plays an important role in cultural exchange. Egypt, as an important hub connecting Asia, Africa, and Europe, has always been a bridge for cultural exchange between the East and the West. Egyptian culture has spread to other Islamic countries through trade, immigration, education, and other means, promoting exchange and integration between different cultures. For example, Egyptian cultural products such as movies and TV dramas have high ratings and influence in Islamic countries, and Egyptian cultural and educational institutions have also trained a large number of talents for other Islamic countries.
The integration of Egyptian culture with other Islamic cultures has also produced many new cultural achievements. Islamic cultures from different regions complement each other and develop together through mutual exchange and integration. For example, Egyptian culture, Türkiye culture, Iranian culture, etc. have been integrated to varying degrees, forming a more colorful cultural landscape.
In short, the dissemination and influence of Egyptian culture in the Islamic world cannot be ignored. It not only enriches the connotation of Islamic culture, but also promotes cultural exchange and development in the Islamic world.
6、 Geographical location factors of Egypt
6.1 Impact on Strategic Position
Egypt’s geographical location gives it significant strategic importance in politics, military, economy, and other aspects. From a political perspective, Egypt spans across Asia and Africa, serving as an important bridge connecting the East and West, giving it a unique position on the international political stage. Egypt can maintain good diplomatic relations with neighboring countries and major powers in the East and West, playing an important coordinating role in regional affairs. For example, in the Israeli Palestinian issue, Egypt has participated in mediation multiple times and is an important force in promoting the Middle East peace process.
In military terms, Egypt’s geographical location makes it a battleground for military strategists. The Suez Canal is an important manifestation of its military strategic significance, and controlling this canal is equivalent to controlling the main route of maritime transportation between the East and the West. In history, multiple major powers engaged in fierce struggles for control of the Suez Canal. Nowadays, Egypt plays an important role in maintaining regional security and stability by strengthening its own military strength.
In terms of economy, Egypt’s geographical location provides convenient conditions for its economic development. The Suez Canal brings a large amount of transit revenue to Egypt every year and is one of the important pillars of the country’s economy. Egypt also utilizes its advantageous geographical location to develop trade and tourism industries, becoming an important trading center and tourist destination in the region. Egypt’s geographical location also gives it an important position in energy transportation and is a crucial link in the international energy supply chain.
6.2 The Importance of the Suez Canal
The Suez Canal plays an irreplaceable role in Egypt’s economy, regional trade, and international status. In terms of economy, it is one of Egypt’s “economic lifelines”. About 25000 ships pass through the Suez Canal every year, bringing huge transit fee income to Egypt. According to relevant data, the tolls of the Suez Canal account for about 10% of Egypt’s foreign exchange earnings and are one of the important sources of the Egyptian economy. The Suez Canal has also driven the economic development of surrounding areas, such as the construction of port cities and the development of related industries, creating a large number of employment opportunities for Egypt.
For regional trade, the Suez Canal is one of the busiest shipping routes in the world, serving as an important passage connecting the Mediterranean and Red Sea, as well as the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Through the Suez Canal, ships can save a lot of distance and time, reduce transportation costs, and promote trade between the East and the West. The smooth operation of the Suez Canal is crucial for the stability of the global supply chain. Once the Suez Canal is blocked or interrupted, it will have a serious impact on global trade. For example, the grounding of the “Changci” cargo ship in 2021 led to chaos in the global supply chain.
In terms of international status, the Suez Canal has made Egypt an important hub for international shipping and enhanced Egypt’s voice in international affairs. Egypt maintains close economic ties with countries around the world by managing the Suez Canal, enhancing its influence in the international community. The Suez Canal is also an important window for Egypt to showcase its strength and status. By continuously expanding and upgrading the Suez Canal, Egypt has demonstrated its capabilities in infrastructure construction and management to the world.
6.3 Utilization of Diplomatic Activities
Egypt, with its unique geographical location, actively engages in diplomatic activities and has achieved significant results.
In terms of economic diplomacy, Egypt has utilized the important resource of the Suez Canal to attract ships from various countries and established trade cooperation relationships with multiple countries. Egypt also showcases its economic development achievements, attracts foreign investment, and promotes economic cooperation with other countries by hosting various international economic forums and exhibitions, such as the Cairo International Fair. Egypt also actively engages in energy cooperation with other countries, utilizing its geographical advantage to become an important channel for energy transportation and enhancing its position in the international energy market.
In terms of political diplomacy, Egypt has become an important participant in regional affairs by utilizing its geographical location connecting Asia, Africa, and Europe. Egypt actively participates in the mediation of hot issues in the Middle East, such as playing an active role in the Israeli Palestinian issue, the Syrian issue, etc., and has won recognition from the international community. Egypt also maintains good diplomatic relations with neighboring countries and major powers in the East and West, maintains regional peace and stability, and creates a favorable external environment for its own development.
In terms of cultural exchange diplomacy, Egypt utilizes its long history and rich cultural heritage to attract tourists from various countries to visit and promote cultural exchange and cooperation with other countries. Egypt has also enhanced its influence in the international cultural field by engaging in cultural and educational cooperation with other countries, such as exchanging international students and organizing cultural exchange activities, to promote mutual understanding and friendship.
Egypt’s diplomatic activities utilizing its geographical location not only promote its own economic development and enhance its international status, but also make important contributions to regional peace, stability, and development.
7、 Egypt’s military strength
7.1 Military Strength
The Egyptian military has a large scale and is an indispensable military force in the Middle East region. Its armed forces consist of four branches: land, sea, air, and air defense, with a total force of 450000. The army, as the main force, possesses various advanced equipment. In terms of main battle tanks, there are Soviet made T-54/55 and T-62, as well as American made M60 and advanced M1A1. There are numerous infantry fighting vehicles, armored transport vehicles, and other equipment that can provide strong support for ground combat.
The air force’s strength should not be underestimated, equipped with various types of fighter jets, bombers, reconnaissance planes, and helicopters. The fighter jets are mainly American made F-16, and there are also some legal “Mirage” 2000, etc. These fighter jets have strong air combat capabilities. In terms of helicopters, there are American made AH-64 “Apache” armed helicopters, which can be used for ground attacks and support ground forces.
Although the navy is not as large as the army and air force, it still has a certain level of strength. Having various types of ships, including missile destroyers, frigates, submarines, etc. The geographical location of the Suez Canal allows the Egyptian navy to play an important role in ensuring the safety of the canal and maintaining smooth sea lanes in the region.
In terms of military training, the Egyptian military focuses on practical training and often holds joint military exercises with countries such as the United States to enhance its military training level and combat capabilities through exchanges and cooperation with foreign forces. Egypt actively participates in international peacekeeping operations, exercises its troops in actual combat, and contributes to maintaining regional peace and stability.
7.2 Military expenditure situation
Egypt’s military spending is at a relatively high level in the Middle East region. In recent years, with the changing regional situation and the increasing demand for its own security, Egypt’s military spending has shown a growing trend. In 2021, Egypt’s military spending was approximately 13.5 billion US dollars, accounting for around 2.3% of its gross domestic product (GDP), which is at a moderate level in the world.
The main source of military expenditure in Egypt is the national budget. The government allocates a certain proportion of funds in its annual budget for military construction, including weapons and equipment procurement, military personnel salaries, military training, etc. In addition, Egypt also purchases advanced weapons and equipment from countries such as the United States and Russia through international arms trade, and these procurement funds also account for a portion of military expenditures.
Military spending has a dual impact on Egypt’s national economy. On the one hand, the increase in military spending has driven the development of domestic military industry, promoted the improvement of related industrial chains, and created employment opportunities for the country. Egypt is able to produce some fighter jets, helicopters, anti tank missiles and other equipment, and the development of military industry has to some extent promoted the growth of the country’s economy. On the other hand, excessive military spending has also put significant pressure on the national finances. In the face of economic difficulties and severe inflation in the country, huge military expenditures have squeezed out funding in other fields such as education, healthcare, infrastructure construction, etc., affecting the optimization and sustainable development of the national economic structure. Egypt needs to find a balance between military spending and development in other areas to ensure the stable development of the national economy.
7.3 Level of Participation in Regional Security Affairs
Egypt plays an important role in regional security affairs and is one of the key forces in maintaining stability in the Middle East. In history, Egypt has participated in regional conflicts and peacekeeping operations multiple times, playing an active role in resolving regional issues.
Egypt has attempted to mediate between various parties on the Syrian issue, hoping to resolve the Syrian crisis through political means. Although the relationship between Egypt and Syria has been tense due to issues such as Syria’s support for the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt also recognizes the importance of stabilizing the situation in Syria for regional security. In recent years, there have been reports that Egypt has secretly sent military personnel to participate in the Syrian war and support the Bashar al Assad regime, reflecting Egypt’s position and actions on the Syrian issue.
On the Libyan issue, Egypt supports the Libyan National Army and opposes the Libyan national unity government supported by Türkiye and other countries. Egypt believes that the situation in Libya poses a threat to its own security, especially with issues such as terrorism and illegal immigration in the border areas between Libya and Egypt. Egypt actively participates in the mediation and resolution of the Libyan issue, hoping to maintain stability in Libya and ensure the security of its borders.
Egypt has always played the role of a mediator in the Israeli Palestinian issue. Egypt has repeatedly facilitated ceasefire agreements between Israel and Palestine, making efforts to ease the conflict between the two sides. Egypt maintains good relations with Palestine and Israel, and promotes the Israeli Palestinian peace process through diplomatic means.
Egypt also actively participates in international peacekeeping operations, sending troops to participate in UN peacekeeping missions in Africa and other regions, contributing to the maintenance of world peace. Egypt’s actions and efforts have enhanced its influence in the region and international community, making it an important participant in regional security affairs that cannot be ignored.
8、 Conclusion
8.1 Summary of Reasons
Egypt cannot become the leader of the Islamic world due to various and intertwined reasons. In terms of historical status, it was once glorious for a while, but with the changes of the times, its advantages gradually disappeared. The current domestic challenges are severe, and the political stability is worrying. After the Arab Spring, there has been continuous turmoil, frequent terrorist attacks, and damage to social cohesion. Economically, issues such as inflation, debt crisis, and industrial difficulties are prominent, with high inflation rates, heavy debt burdens, a single industrial structure, and heavy dependence on a few industries such as oil and tourism. Social contradictions and religious differences are also quite sharp, with constant conflicts between Muslims and Coptic Christians, and obvious opposition between secularization and religious conservative forces.
In terms of dominant power in the Islamic world, Saudi Arabia holds an important position due to its advantages in religious holy sites, economic strength, and religious influence; Iran is a leading force in the Shia Islamic world and actively participates in regional political games; Türkiye also plays a role by virtue of its historical background and cultural influence. Egypt has complex relations with these countries, with both cooperation and competition coexisting, making it difficult to play a leading role in regional affairs. Externally, the policies and attitudes of Western countries such as the United States and Europe have had a profound impact on Egypt’s political, economic, and cultural development, constraining its progress. In terms of religious culture, although Egypt has a profound heritage, the conflicts between religious factions and secularization issues have affected its recognition in the Islamic world. Geographically, although strategically significant, it has also become a focal point of great power competition, increasing the difficulty of development. Militarily, Egypt has strong military strength, but high military spending puts pressure on its finances, and its participation in regional security affairs has limited effectiveness, failing to effectively enhance its regional status.
8.2 Looking into the Future
Egypt has certain potential to overcome difficulties and enhance its regional status in the future. In terms of economy, Egypt, as the third largest economy in Africa, has a relatively good foundation. The World Bank report shows that it has improved its ranking in the global business environment and the investment environment continues to improve. There is an opportunity to leverage the advantageous geographical location to develop international trade and logistics industry. The transit income brought by the Suez Canal is an important source of its economy. Through further expansion and upgrading, the competitiveness of the canal can be enhanced, more ships can be attracted to pass through, and income can be increased.
Politically, if Egypt can effectively resolve domestic conflicts and achieve political stability, it will enhance its international influence. Egypt has always played an important role in regional affairs, such as in mediating the Israeli Palestinian issue. If it can achieve greater breakthroughs, it can enhance its regional status. Egypt’s secularization experience also provides reference for the Islamic world. If progress can be made in religious tolerance and modernization development, it is expected to gain more recognition in the Islamic world.
However, Egypt also faces many challenges. The instability of the regional situation, the intervention of external forces, and the difficulty in solving domestic economic problems have all brought uncertainty to Egypt’s development. Egypt needs to make efforts in maintaining stability, promoting economic development, and strengthening international cooperation in order to overcome difficulties and gain a more important position in the Islamic world.
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