Born in 1954 in the rural northwestern United States, I was raised in a Roman Catholic family.
During my childhood, I remained unquestioning about the spirituality offered by the church even though I was surrounded by a much more real world, but as I grew older, and especially as I entered a Catholic university, the more I read of the classics, the more questions I increasingly had about my faith, from the spiritual to the practical.
One reason is that since the Second Vatican Council in 1963, the frequent changes in Catholic liturgy and religious ceremonies have made the average believer feel that the church does not have a strict standard. On the other hand, priests emphasize the flexibility and variability of worship, but this is like groping in the dark and generates confusion for the average Catholic. God has never changed, nor have the needs of the human soul changed, nor has there been a new revelation from heaven, yet we are constantly changing, week after week, year after year, adding, deleting, switching from Latin to English, even introducing guitars and country music. Because the congregation never listened quietly and nodded, the priests just repeated it over and over again. In the quest for adaptation so many assured classics were lost that few of the most primitive ones remain.
The second reason was the difficulty in understanding many dogmas, such as the Trinity, which has never been convincingly answered by any pastor or ordinary believer in history, and for which theological committees deliberated and reached the basic explanation that the Father, who rules the universe from heaven, Jesus Christ, the Son of the Father, who saves the world, and the Holy Spirit, who appears in the form of a dove and is relatively weak, are one. I remember wanting to make a special friend who could handle all my business affairs with other friends, and after each business was done, he sometimes prayed devoutly to God, and at other times prayed to Jesus or the Holy Spirit, the latter two always being in the object of his prayers as well. Later I thought that God must be in charge of the latter two as well, and that this doctrine of the Trinity was the greatest obstacle to my understanding of Catholic doctrine and Christian theology. And, in every detail it produced an apparent contradiction between humanity and divinity, finitude and infinity. The fact that Jesus was also God was something I remember never really believing, either in my childhood or later.
Another doubtful point is that the church operated the latter-day sale of atonement scrolls, which was abetting the self-indulgence of the faithful, who could be forgiven for their sins for a number of years by paying a certain amount of money for the scrolls, a false doctrine that kicked off the Reformation initiated by Martin Luther.
I also remember expecting a sacred classic that was all-encompassing and could provide guidance for people’s lives. One Christmas I was given a hardcover Bible, but as I read through it I realized that the chapters were loose and lacked coherence, which made it hard to think of basing his way of life on Scripture. Later I came to understand the Christian solution to the problems encountered in practice, i.e. Protestants emphasize their own sect’s doctrines by creating theories of their own school of thought and belittling the others, while Catholics refer only to their canonical texts and ignore the rest. Some passages of scripture seem to lack some of the qualities of the canon of the Holy Spirit to the extent that they cannot be seen as a coherent and complete system.
College Career
I majored in Philosophy in college, which taught me that no matter who proclaims the truth we need to ask two basic questions: what is the real meaning of what he is communicating? and How do we get to the truth? When I asked these two propositions of my traditional religion, I couldn’t find the answers, and I realized that Christianity had slipped from my heart. Since then, I have been on a quest, perhaps not unfamiliar to Western youth, to find the true meaning of living in this meaningless world. Because of those philosophers I lost my old faith, but I needed faith, and since then I have known that I was looking for not just a philosophical doctrine, but a complete philosophical system.
On a personal level, the great pessimistic philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer’s fiercely worded attacks on Christianity, especially the essay “Moral Genealogy,” have benefited my understanding of the transition from a monotheistic tradition of faith to a detailed form of analysis. He separated the notion of epiphenomena from the nature of the world (e.g., that the Almighty’s self-immolation on the cross is a singular epiphenomenon), which I no longer believe, but have come to a deeper understanding of the independent triad that God exists, that God created this world and mankind and descended to give guidance for the behaviors he expects, and that in the hereafter God will judge individuals by their behavior in this world, and will give eternal rewards or punishment. The Qur’an is the most important of all the Qur’anic texts.
I read the early translations of the Qur’an when I had only a grudging appreciation for the Qur’an and was still teetering on the edge of agnosticism as to the purity of those basic concepts mentioned in the Qur’an, even if they were man-made, and I can think of no more intrinsically religious expression. Considering that, as a literary monograph, the translated version of Quran might have lost its original spirit due to the sales factor, resulting in translations that are clearly contrary to its thematic ideas, and knowing that the original Arabic version of Quran is widely recognized among the many religious classics of mankind for the beauty and eloquence of its language, I am eagerly eager to learn Arabic and read the original Quran.
One school holiday I was walking along a dirt road between wheat fields, watching the red sun sinking in the west, when a sudden flash of inspiration occurred to me, and the thought occurred to me that might not this be something like the bowing worship of time to the One Sovereign? But this was by no means a sign that it was up to me to comprehend the full details, but rather a flash of a strange idea, and perhaps this was the beginning of my realization of the falsity of atheism. When I transferred to the University of Chicago, some of the questions that plagued me remained with me. At the University of Chicago, I studied the epistemology of ethics and wandered through the writings of numerous philosophers expounding on the meaningless philosophical proposition of how moral judgment works, which was both a personal and an important philosophical proposition in our time.
Working with Fishermen
Because the University of Chicago was expensive and I needed to raise my own money for tuition, I took a part-time job on the West Coast for the summer following fishing boats to Alaska. I worked here part-time for eight semesters to earn money, and the sea became another school for me in its own light. I met all kinds of people on the fishing boats and saw the immense power of wind, water, storms and rain, while feeling the insignificance of mankind. It was like a tome in front of me, but my colleagues and I recognized only the pieces that were relevant to our work, the goal of catching as many fish as possible in the allotted time and selling them for a good price, and very few of us had any idea how to read it all as a whole. Sometimes we meet a wave that rises up like a mountain, and the captain takes a firm grip on the wheel, our bow slamming up onto the tip of the turquoise wave one minute, reaching the bottom of the wave the next, and rushing into the sky before reaching the tip of the next wave, and so on as the wave lurches over and over again.
Sometimes the fishing boat sank and the fisherman was buried at sea. I remember a fisherman who worked on another boat near us, doing the same job as me, casting nets on the bottom of the sea. He always smiled as he waded through the water to cast his nets from high above the deck, then went aft to straighten his lines for the next step. A few weeks later, his fishing boat ran into a storm while out fishing and was capsized, and he was drowned while collecting his nets. I met him only once in my dreams, and he still stands in the stern of his boat smiling and greeting me.
The shocking scenes of our lives – the storms, the waves towering hundreds of feet vertically above the sea level, the cold, the wet, the fatigue, the occasional casualties among our fellow workers – have left some impression on most of us. These scenes haunted me from time to time during my studies at the University of Chicago the following year, and in studying philosophical systems of morality I began to see that in the past philosophical systems had not played a significant role in the morality of people and in the prevention of crime, and to realize that there was little hope that they would be used in the future to achieve this end. Comparing and contrasting the study of different human cultural systems and societies of different eras that continue to evolve with history, and the different moral relativisms that have been proclaimed by many wise men, I have found that all human civilizations are like the crops that exist on the earth, that break out of the ground when there is an abundance of seeds and soil, and that there are periods of strength and prosperity and periods of wilting and decline. For no moral value has ever been able to work across cultures on its own merits, and introspection leads to extreme skepticism.
I’ve begun to reevaluate the philosophers I’m familiar with
Like Schopenhauer I thought that more education produced better people. But at the university, there was a conspiracy to falsify experimental data in order to secure sponsorship for the next year’s research grants; the so-called learned academics were reluctant to allow their lectures to be recorded even for fear that their fellow competitors would surpass their own research and dispute their publications; and professors knew nothing better than to compete with each other over the length of their own course outlines.
Those mundane, pristine moral values with which I am familiar seem to exist only among college freshmen in this already world-weary university. If you scoff at the fact that the fishermen with full loads of fish are constantly going back and forth in front of the crowd in order to make the public understand that their work underwater is so laborious, but on the surface it seems as if they are busy trying to catch more fish. So what do we think of those whose doctoral qualities are only manifested in their books and speeches? I find that their knowledge does not enhance their character, which is often why the best people never come from communities of deceit.
I often wonder if I can go as far down the path of philosophy as those who have gone before me. While philosophy has taught me about the flaws of my religion, Christianity, and has given me a truer perspective, it has still not provided answers to the great propositions of life. Moreover, I always had the feeling that it was all more or less interrelated, but I wonder if the fact that our traditional knowledge seems to have stopped seriously pursuing self-knowledge is the cause or the effect of such an ending. No matter what role we play, philosopher, fisherman, janitor or king, excluding of course those virtual theater roles, all of us are diligently playing our roles until we are replaced after the final performance, so what are we really?
Exposure to Islam
At this crossroads of thought, I read a great deal of Islamic writings, some of which were by Sayyid Hussein Nasser, who argued that many of the problems that are occurring in Western society today, especially environmental problems, are due to the fact that people have thrown away the wisdom that religion tells us comes from the Creator, and that religions all tell us that our true identity is one of the creatures in nature created by God, and that we should recognize and fear the Creator. Without this knowledge, commercial-style development applies increasingly efficient technology to consume nature, destroying the earth’s environment, while one’s own heart grows emptier and emptier because one does not understand why one exists or what consequences one’s actions will lead to.
I would agree that this is indeed the case, but this brings up the question of the truthfulness of apocalyptic religions. Everything on earth, all moral and religious systems are on the same footing, and unless you can be sure that the truth of one of them comes from a higher revelation, then its objectivity, authority and moral law can only be guaranteed; otherwise, each school of thought has its own pros and cons, and we are still stuck arguing for our own interests, and thus no school of thought will be strong enough in its objectivity to defeat the other weaker schools of thought.
I have also studied other Islamic writings, such as Montgomery Watt’s translation of the famous Islamic theologian and Sufi mastermind Ansari’s Guide to the Lost Path, some of whose chapters inspired me. Ansari, in his middle age, began to constantly question and doubt, and finally realized that in this world there is no light that can illuminate the straight path of truth except the prophecies of the apocalypse, which is very much in line with my principles of philosophical inquiry. For Hegel, the wise men are usually those messengers who give authoritative answers to good and evil by virtue of divine revelation.
I also read the English translation of the Qur’an by Arthur John Abberley and recalled that my early desire was to have a copy of the sacred text. Even with the Quran translation, the superiority of the Muslim classic from word to word far above the Bible was an obvious thing, as if the real divine revelation and the life I had vaguely heard about were set aside before my eyes. The Qur’an, with its nobility, intensity, irreversible end, and bizarre ways, prophesies and refutes the atheists’ central thesis. The Qur’an clearly articulates the attributes of the Creator and man, inspiring the spirit of reverence for the Creator, the unity of mankind, and the fairness and justice that people should observe in their socio-economic lives. I began studying Arabic in Chicago, and after completing a year of grammar for degree credit, I decided to take a break and study in Cairo for a year at my own expense to improve my Arabic language skills. Similarly, the thirst to pursue a higher level of knowledge led me to the Middle East after my third semester as a part-time fisherman.
Recognizing Pure Monotheism in Egypt
In Egypt, I experienced many of the events that I think brought me into and thinking about Islam, namely, the telltale signs of pure monotheistic belief in its adherents, which also enlightened me more deeply than anything I had encountered before. I met many Muslims in Egypt, both good and bad, but all were more deeply indoctrinated by their classical guidance than people I had ever met elsewhere. By now 15 years have passed and I don’t remember all of them, or even most of them, so perhaps these people I can recall are enough to illustrate the impact they had on me.
One of them was a man I met in the Miqyas Gardens by the Nile, where I often walk. He was worshipping on a small piece of cardboard facing the Nile when I came across him, and I was about to pass in front of him, but suddenly I stopped of my own accord and went around behind him, intending not to disturb him. I stared at him for a few moments before walking away, noticing a man so absorbed in communion with God that he ignored my presence and my attentive gaze on him and his religion. It occurred to me that there must be something very noble, and to me from the West very strange, in the fact that in the Western perception, worshipping in a public place is just an act of blasphemy against religion.
The other was a high school student who greeted me in the neighborhood of Khan al-Khalili, I spoke Arabic, he spoke English, he wanted to tell me about Islam, and together we walked a few miles through the city to Giza, explaining Islam to me to the best of his ability along the way. When we parted, I remember him saying he would pray for me in the hope that I would become a Muslim.
Another Yemenite friend who lived in Cairo gave me a copy of the Quran when I asked him to help me learn Arabic. There was no table in my room, and I usually read sitting on a chair, and I used to stack all my books on the floor. But when he saw that I had stacked the Quran there as well, he quietly bent down and picked it up, all out of respect for the Quran. This scene had a profound effect on me because I knew that he was not devout, but was simply imbued with Islam by virtue of living here.
Another was a woman I met while pushing my bicycle on the muddy path leading to Luxor. on the other side of the Nile. I was covered in dust and my clothes were a bit tattered, while an old woman walking in front of me, wrapped from head to toe in a black robe, without saying anything or even looking at me, she just slipped a coin into my hand, and because it was so sudden and shocking, I dropped the coin on the ground. When I reacted and picked up the coin, she had already hurried away. Because I seemed poor to her, even though I was clearly not Muslim in appearance, she gave me some money without any expectation except for her and her foster master. This kind of behavior has prompted me to think a lot about Islam, because there must be an inner drive for such behavior.
The Search for Ultimate Truth
There were many other things that caused me to think during the months I spent studying Arabic in Egypt. I found myself thinking often about the necessity for one to have a faith, and I was impressed by the influence of Islam on the lives of Muslims, the conviction and noble purpose of life and the generosity of the soul was something I had never found in other religions, including atheism, on their followers, and it seemed as if the Muslims possessed more of that than we do.
Christianity certainly has its strengths as well, but they seem to be laced with contradictions, and I find myself leaning more and more toward Islam for its all-encompassing beauty and its perfect formulation. The first proposition I have been pursuing comes from a collection of early philosophical questions and answers Why were we created? Which of the answers of seeking knowledge, love, and serving God is the true reason. In my search, I have found that Islam offers the most complete and understandable answer to this proposition, and it is reflected in our daily behavioral practices.
With regard to the situation of political weakness that Muslims face today, I do not want to simply resign this to Islam or to the inferiority of Islam among all types of ideologies in the world today, but only to see it as a low phase in the circle of human history.The Mongol horde that swept from the steppes of Central Asia into the Muslim heartland in the thirteenth century, razing cities and murdering people, and inflicting heavy blows on Islamic civilization, was a clear evidence of the hegemony of a foreign power over the Muslim lands. Muslim lands. Then, by Allah’s will, fate decreed that the Ottoman Empire would rise and stand for centuries with its shocking political power. History teaches us that contemporary Muslims are truly at a crossroads of struggling for the birth of another new historic Islamic civilization, and that reality will surely change for the better if only we have the will to do so.
One day a friend in Cairo asked me, why don’t you become a Muslim? I found that Allah had long ago implanted in my heart the will to thirst for the Islamic faith, which enriches Muslims from the simplest of hearts to the richness of complex minds. One does not become a Muslim by going through a thought struggle of the mind and the will, but it was Allah’s grace coupled with the ultimate analytical thinking of reason that led me to Islam in Cairo in 1977.
Do the believers think that the time has not yet come so that their hearts are not softened by Allah’s teachings and the truths He has sent down? They must not be like those before them who used to follow the Scripture, whose hearts were hardened after a long period of time, and many of them sinned. And know that Allah is the One Who raises the dead earth, and indeed We have explained to you many signs so that you may understand. (Quran 57:16-17)