年度归档： 2025 年

The Republic of Yemen (Arabic: الجمهورياليمنية, English: Republic of Yemen [1]) is located at the southwestern end of the Arabian Peninsula. Adjacent to Saudi Arabia and Oman, it borders the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Arabian Sea, with a coastline of 1906 kilometers. The climate in mountainous and plateau areas within the territory is relatively mild, while desert areas are hot and dry. The annual average highest temperature is 39 ℃ and the lowest temperature is -8 ℃, with a land area of 528000 square kilometers. Yemen is divided into 21 provinces and 1 municipality, with Sana’a as its capital. The population of Yemen is 32.98 million. [1]
Yemen has a recorded history of over 3000 years and is one of the cradles of ancient civilizations in the Arab world. Starting from the 14th century BC, dynasties such as the Kingdom of Ma’in, Saba, and Himyaarit were established successively. In 575 AD, they were incorporated into the Persian Empire and became part of the Arab Empire in the 7th century. In the 9th century, the Rashid Dynasty was established. After the 16th century, they were successively invaded and occupied by Portugal, the Ottoman Empire, and Britain. In 1918, the Mutawakkilia Kingdom of Yemen was established. In 1934, Britain forced the Kingdom to recognize its occupation of southern Yemen, and Yemen was officially divided into North and South. In September 1962, the “Free Officers” organization led by Abdullah Salal launched a revolution, overthrew the Badr dynasty in the north, and established the Yemen Arab Republic. In 1967, South Yemen gained independence from British colonial rule and established the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen. On May 22, 1990, North and South Yemen declared unity and established the Republic of Yemen. [1]
Yemen has a backward economy and is one of the least developed countries in the world. Economic development mainly relies on oil exports. The main economic data for 2021 are as follows: Gross Domestic Product: 21.06 billion US dollars. Per capita Gross Domestic Product: 691 US dollars.

Chinese name
Republic of Yemen [1]
Foreign Name
The Republic of Yemen [1] (in English)
الجمهنイة (Arabic)
abbreviation
Yemen
Belonging continent
Asia
Capital City
Sana’a [1] (legal capital)
major city
HODEIDAH
National Day
May 22nd [3]
National Anthem
The United Republic
Country code
YEM
official language
Arabic [1]
Currency
Yemeni Riyal
Time Zone
UTC+3
political system
democratic republic
National leaders
Rashad Mohammad Ali (Chairman of the Presidential Leadership Council), Salim Saleh bin Brick (Prime Minister)
population size
32.98 million [1]
population density
56.44 people per square kilometer (as of June 2022)
Main ethnic groups
Arab
Main religions
Islam 1
land area
528000 km² [1]
Total GDP
23.55 billion US dollars 1
Per Capita GDP
1018 USD 1
International telephone area code
nine hundred and sixty-seven
International Domain Abbreviations
.ye
Road traffic
Drive on the right side
Climate Type
tropical desert climate
national flower
Coffee flower
national bird
Eagle
National Tree
coffee tree
Main universities
Sana’a University, Aden University

population
In the 1994 census, the total population was 14587807, with a net increase of 4623836 people over the past decade, an increase of 31.7%, and an average annual growth rate of 3.02%. At this growth rate, Yemen’s population can double in 23 years. The population density is 35.53 people per square kilometer.
The capital Sana’a has a population of 2.983 million. Taz Province has the largest population, with 2402569 people, accounting for 12.18% of the total population; Next is Hodeidah Province with 2161379 people, accounting for 10.96%; 2137546 people in Ib Province, accounting for 10.84%; Maharaja Province has the smallest population, with 89093 people, accounting for only 0.45%.
There are a total of 2762006 households nationwide, with an average of 7.1 people per household. The province with the highest average household population is Shabwa, with 8.8 people, followed by Marib, with 8.6 people, and the provinces with the lowest are Hodeidah and Mahala, with 6.2 people.
There are a total of 2882759 residential properties in the country, with an average of 6.8 people living in each residence. The provinces with the highest average population per residential area are Amran and Shabwa, with 8.7 people, while the province with the lowest population is Hodeidah, with 5.8 people.
32.98 million. The vast majority are Arabs. [1]
nationality
The vast majority of residents in Yemen are Arabs, with a very small number of Africans.
Arab people living in Yemen are based on tribes, with over 190 tribes in the country, of which more than 150 are located in mountainous areas. Hashd, Bakir, Haka, and Mudhaki are the four main tribes, among which Hashd tribe is the strongest and most well-known in the country. This tribe is concentrated in Sana’a, Hajjah, and Sada provinces, with a population of over one million. It is composed of more than 50 small and medium-sized tribes and is a powerful entity that integrates politics, economy, military, and religion. Its status and importance are very prominent.

The Sultanate of Oman, also known as Oman, is a country located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia. It borders the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. Oman is divided into 11 provinces based on administrative regions, with 61 states under each province. Its capital is Muscat. As of January 2024, the population of Oman is 5.16 million. [1]
Oman is one of the oldest countries in the Arabian Peninsula. In the 7th century AD, it became part of the Arab Empire and gained independence at the end of the 11th century. In 1507, Oman was invaded and colonized by Portugal for a long time. In 1649, the local people of Oman overthrew Portuguese rule and established the Ariba dynasty. In 1871, Britain invaded Oman and forced it to accept unequal treaties. In 1913, the mountainous tribes of Oman launched an anti British uprising and established the “Islamic Sultanate of Oman”. In 1920, British colonizers signed the Treaty of Sib with the “Islamic State”, recognizing its independence, and Oman was divided into two parts: the “Sultanate of Muscat” and the “Islamic State of Oman”. In 1967, Sultan Said bin Temur of the Sultanate of Muscat, with the support of Britain, finally unified the entire territory of Oman and renamed it the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. On July 23, 1970, the Sultan of Timur was forced to abdicate and his only son Qaboos ascended to the throne, changing the country’s name to “Sultanate of Oman” and using it to this day. In 1973, British troops withdrew from Oman.
The oil and gas industry is Oman’s pillar industry, with oil and gas revenue accounting for 68% of the country’s fiscal revenue and 41% of its gross domestic product. On November 9, 2000, Oman officially joined the World Trade Organization, becoming its 139th member. In 2022, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 86.3 billion US dollars, with a per capita GDP of 19000 US dollars.

Chinese name
Sultanate of Oman [1]
Foreign Name
The Sultanate of Oman (in English)
سلطنة (Arabic)
abbreviation
Oman
Belonging continent
Asia
Capital City
Muscat [1]
major city
Nizwa, Suhar
National Day
November 18, 1970
National Anthem
Sudanese Hymn
Country code
OMN
official language
Arabic [1]
Currency
Omani rial
Time Zone
UTC+4
political system
absolute monarchy
National leaders
Haisam bin Talig Al Said (Sudan)
population size
5.16 million (January 2024)
population density
16.5 people per square kilometer (2020)
Main ethnic groups
Arab
Main religions
Islam [1] (Ibad sect)
land area
About 309500 km ² [1]
Total GDP
99.3 billion US dollars (2023)
Per Capita GDP
19000 USD (2023)
International telephone area code
nine hundred and sixty-eight
International Domain Abbreviations
.om
Road traffic
Drive on the right side
Main universities
Kabus University, Suhar University

population
In 2014, Oman’s total population was 3.957 million, including 2.213 million domestic population and 1.744 million foreign resident population. Muscat Province and Batinai District alone account for 55% of the national population. Some areas are sparsely populated, and Musandam Province, with the smallest population, accounts for less than 1% of the national population. The population density of Oman is 12.8 people per square kilometer. [4] According to data from the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs in March 2018, the population of Oman was 4.559 million, with Omani people accounting for 54.9%; Islam is the state religion, with 85.9% of the population being Muslims, mostly belonging to the Ibadan sect. [1]
As of January 2024, Oman has a population of 5.16 million, of which 57% are Omani. Islam is the state religion. 85.9% of the population are Muslims, mostly belonging to the Ibadan sect. [1]
nationality
The vast majority of Oman’s population are Arabs, with the majority of immigrants being Indians, Iranians, Pakistanis, and others.
In 2008, the Chinese Community Club of Oman was established, with 150000 registered members. The majority of Chinese people are from Northeast China, mainly residing in the capital cities of Muscat, Sul, Suhar, Blemi, and Sarala. They engage in business, open restaurants, shops, traditional Chinese medicine clinics, beauty salons, and other businesses.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE), also known as Abu Dhabi, is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. Located in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula, bordering Saudi Arabia to the west and south, adjacent to Oman to the east and northeast, facing the Persian Gulf to the north, and facing Iran across the sea, it belongs to a tropical desert climate, mainly composed of plains, mountains, and depressions, with abundant oil and natural gas resources. The total area is 83600 square kilometers, with a coastline of 734 kilometers, consisting of 7 emirates. As of July 2024, the total population of the United Arab Emirates is 10.24 million, with 88% being foreigners. The majority of residents practice Islam, with the majority being Sunni. Arabic is the official language and English is commonly used.
In the 7th century AD, the United Arab Emirates was under the jurisdiction of the Arab Empire. Since the 16th century, colonialists such as Portugal, the Netherlands, and France have successively invaded. At the beginning of the 19th century, Britain invaded the Persian Gulf region and became a British protectorate in 1820. In 1971, Britain announced the termination of the protection treaty. On December 2 of the same year, the United Arab Emirates was declared as a federal state consisting of six emirates: the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the Emirate of Dubai, the Emirate of Sharjah, the Emirate of Fujairah, the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain, and the Emirate of Ajman. On February 10, 1972, the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah [31] joined the United Arab Emirates. [6]
The United Arab Emirates is a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and its economy is mainly based on oil production and petrochemical industry. In addition, it vigorously develops a knowledge-based economy with information technology as its core, while also focusing on renewable energy research and development. The capital Abu Dhabi was selected as the headquarters of the International Renewable Energy Agency in June 2009. [6] The United Arab Emirates is also a member of the League of Arab States, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the Greater Arab Free Trade Area. [7] In 2022, the gross domestic product of the United Arab Emirates was $446.6 billion, with a per capita GDP of $47700 and a GDP growth rate of 8.9%.
On April 21, 2025, the United Arab Emirates plans to use artificial intelligence to assist in the development of new legislation.

Chinese name
The United Arab Emirates
Foreign Name
The United Arab Emirates
abbreviation
The United Arab Emirates
Belonging continent
Asia
Capital City
Abu Dhabi [1]
major city
Dubai, Sharjah, Fujairah, Umm Al Quwain
National Day
December 2, 1971 [2] (Independence Day)
National Anthem
Arabic Emirati Tahiat Alalam
Country code
ARE
official language
Arabic
Currency
UAE dirham, sub currency fils [1]
Time Zone
UTC+4
political system
Aristocratic republic
National leaders
Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 6, Mohammed bin Rashid [6] (Prime Minister)
population size
10.24 million (July 2024)
population density
113.6 people per square kilometer 7
Main ethnic groups
Arab
Main religions
Islam
land area
83600 km²
Water area ratio
0.1%
Total GDP
457.4 billion US dollars (2023)
Per Capita GDP
50600 USD (2023)
International telephone area code
nine hundred and seventy-one
International Domain Abbreviations
.ae
Road traffic
Drive on the right side
legal system
Islamic law
national bird
peregrine falcon
national flower
tagetes patula
Original name
Trucial Oman

As of July 2024, the population of the United Arab Emirates is 10.24 million, mainly distributed in emirates such as Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Sharjah. The national population accounts for 11.48% of the total population; The foreign population accounts for 88%, mainly from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Iran, Egypt, etc. There are nearly 300000 local Chinese residents, mainly concentrated in emirates such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi

The State of Qatar, abbreviated as Qatar, is located on the Qatar Peninsula on the southwest coast of the Persian Gulf, with its capital in Doha. It belongs to a tropical desert climate, with low and flat terrain throughout the country, and abundant oil and natural gas resources. The total area is 11521 square kilometers, with a coastline of 563 kilometers. There is no clear provincial administrative division, and the country is divided into 9 regions centered around some major cities. The total population of Qatar is 2.79 million, [40] belonging to the Arab ethnic group. Islam is the state religion of Qatar, and the majority of its residents practice Islam. Arabic is the official language, and English is also widely used locally.
In the 7th century AD, Qatar was part of the Arab Empire. From 1517 to 1776, it was successively ruled by Portugal, the Netherlands, and England. In 1846, Sani bin Mohammed established the Emirate of Qatar. In 1872, it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire’s territory. In 1882, Britain invaded and declared the region as a “protected area” of Britain. In 1970, the first interim constitution was promulgated, which established Qatar as an independent monarchy with Islam as the state religion. On September 3, 1971, Qatar officially declared independence. [5]
The pillar industries of Qatar’s economy are oil and gas, as well as the related petrochemical industry. It is the world’s largest producer and exporter of liquefied natural gas, with abundant revenue from oil and gas exports. Implementing the strategy of economic diversification, stable economic growth prospects, increasingly improved business environment, modern infrastructure such as roads, subways, airports, ports, and communications, good social security conditions, and high degree of marketization. Qatar is a member of international and regional organizations such as the United Nations, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the League of Arab States, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the World Trade Organization. It is also a member of the World Gas Exporting Countries Forum and the headquarters of the forum. In 2023, Qatar’s GDP will be 246.36 billion US dollars, with a per capita GDP of 84900 US dollars.

Chinese name
State of Qatar [1]
Foreign Name
The State of Qatar [1]
دولةقطر (Arabic)
abbreviation
Qatar
Belonging continent
Asia
Capital City
Doha [1]
National Day
December 18, 1878 [1]
National Anthem
The Hymn of Peace
Country code
QAT
official language
Arabic [1]
Currency
Qatari Riyal [1]
Time Zone
UTC+3
political system
absolute monarchy
National leaders
Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani (Emir), Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani [1] (Prime Minister)
population size
3.09 million
population density
258.6 people per square kilometer (February 2023)
Main ethnic groups
Arab
Main religions
Islam (Sunni)
land area
11521 km² [1]
Total GDP
246.36 billion US dollars (2023)
Per Capita GDP
84900 USD (2023)
International telephone area code
nine hundred and seventy-four
International Domain Abbreviations
.qa
Road traffic
Drive on the right side
Main universities
Qatar University
airport
Hamad international airport

As of October 2023, the population of Qatar is 3.09 million, of which Qatari citizens account for approximately 15%. Foreigners mainly come from India, Pakistan, and Southeast Asian countries.
10:20
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From the perspective of nationality distribution, Qatari citizens account for about 15%, while the foreign population accounts for about 85%. The foreign population mainly comes from South and Southeast Asian countries such as India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and the Philippines, as well as Arab countries such as Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. The proportion of urban population to the total population is 99.34%, while the proportion of rural population is only 0.76%. Nearly 54% of Qatar’s population is concentrated within the administrative district of Doha, the capital. The population of Al Rayyan, Al Wakra, Al Khor, and Dhekra administrative districts near the capital are also relatively concentrated, accounting for 25%, 12%, and 8% respectively.

The Kingdom of Bahrain (Arabic: مملةالبحرين, English: The Kingdom of Bahrain) is located in the southwest of the Persian Gulf, between Qatar and Saudi Arabia, and is connected to Saudi Arabia by a sea crossing bridge. [4] It is an island nation consisting of 33 islands, with its capital in Manama. [3] The land area is 786.5 square kilometers and the territorial sea is 7482.5 square kilometers. It belongs to the tropical desert climate. The official language is Arabic, and English is commonly used. As of June 2024, the total population of Bahrain is 1.5887 million, with the majority of residents practicing Islam. [4]
In 3000 BC, Bahrain had already established a city, and in ancient literature from the Mesopotamian region, Bahrain was referred to as “Dilmon”. Bahrain is the birthplace of the ancient Dilmun civilization. [5] The Phoenicians arrived here in 1000 BC, and in the 7th century AD, Bahrain became part of the Arab Empire and was under the jurisdiction of the province of Basra. [3] From 1507 to 1602, it was occupied by the Portuguese. From 1602 to 1782, it was under the rule of the Persian Empire. In 1783, independence was declared. In 1820, Britain invaded Bahrain and forced it to sign the “Persian Gulf Peace Treaty”. In 1880, it became a British protectorate. In March 1971, Britain announced that all treaties it had signed with the Persian Gulf emirates would terminate at the end of the same year. On August 15, 1971, Bahrain declared independence and established the State of Bahrain. In 2002, Bahrain announced the establishment of an Islamic constitutional monarchy and renamed it the Kingdom of Bahrain. [4]
The Kingdom of Bahrain was the first country in the Gulf region to discover and extract oil, with oil and petrochemicals being its pillar industries. [3] Adhere to a policy of free economy, actively promote economic diversification strategy, and reduce excessive dependence on the oil and gas industry. Bahrain has a stable political situation, relatively sound laws, good social security, and a convenient business environment. [4] It is one of the financial centers in the Gulf region. [3] It is a member state of international and regional organizations such as the United Nations and the League of Arab States. [4] In 2023, the gross domestic product will be 36.089 billion US dollars.

literary fame
Kingdom of Bahrain [1]
Foreign Name
The Kingdom of Bahrain [1]
ملكةالبحرين (Arabic)
abbreviation
Bahrain
Belonging continent
Asia
Capital City
Manama [1]
National Day
August 15, 1971
National Anthem
Our Bahrain
Country code
BHR
official language
Arabic [1]
Currency
Bahrain Dinar, subsidiary currency Fers
Time Zone
UTC+3
political system
Binary constitutional monarchy
National leaders
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa 4, Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa [4] (Crown Prince and Prime Minister)
population size
1.5887 million [3] (June 2024)
population density
1997.4 people per square kilometer [4] (October 2024)
Main ethnic groups
Arab
Main religions
Islam (Shia)
land area
786.5 km² [2]
land area
786.5 km² [2]
Ocean area
7482.5 km² [2]
Total GDP
36.089 billion US dollars 4
Per Capita GDP
22900 USD 4
International telephone area code
nine hundred and seventy-three
International Domain Abbreviations
.bh
Road traffic
Drive on the right side
currency conversion
1 Dinar=1000 Fers
Main universities
Bahrain University, Arabian Gulf University

population size
As of June 2024, the population of Bahrain reached 1.5887 million, with Bahraini people accounting for 46.8% and non Bahraini people accounting for 53.2%. Among the population of Bahrain, the age group of 35 to 39 has the highest proportion at 13.16%, followed by the age group of 30 to 34 at 11.5%. 34.66% of the country’s population resides in the capital city of Manama. There are about 3000 Chinese people in Bahrain, mainly residing in the areas near the capital city of Manama and Diya Muharraq Bahrain Dragon City. [3]
ethnic groups
The majority of Bahrain’s indigenous people are descendants of Arabs, with a few being descendants of Iranians and Jews. [3]
language
Arabic is the official language. General English is widely used, especially in the field of business activities. Some people also use Persian and Urdu. [3]
religious belief
Islam is the state religion, with 85% of residents practicing Islam, the majority of whom are Shia. The rest believe in Christianity, Judaism, etc.

The the Arab Republic of Egypt (Arabic: ج م ه و ي م ص ص ص ي), referred to as “Egypt”, is the capital of Cairo, spanning Asia and Africa. Most of it is located in northeast Africa, bordering Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, the Red Sea to the east, Palestine and Israel to the east, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. The northern coastal areas have a Mediterranean climate, while the rest of the region has a tropical desert climate. Composed of plains, valleys, and plateaus, the main resources are oil and gas resources, as well as iron ore. The total area is 1000145 square kilometers, with a coastline of about 2900 kilometers, and the country is divided into 27 provinces. As of June 2024, the total population of Egypt is approximately 106 million, mainly practicing Islam, with the majority being the Eastern Hams, and the official language being Arabic. [5-6]
Egypt is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. In 3200 BC, Menes unified Egypt and established the first slave state, which went through the early kingdom, ancient kingdom, middle kingdom, new kingdom, and post dynastic periods. The productivity of the New Kingdom significantly improved and began to expand outward, becoming a military empire. During the post dynastic period, there were internal and external troubles, leading to a decline in national strength. In 525 BC, Egypt became a province of the Persian Empire. Over the next thousand years, Egypt was successively conquered by Greece and Rome. In 641, the Arabs invaded and Egypt gradually Arabized, becoming an important center of Islam. In 1517, it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. In 1882, after the British occupation, it became a British “protectorate”. On February 28, 1922, Britain declared Egypt an independent country. On June 18, 1953, the Republic of Egypt was established. On September 1, 1971, it was renamed the the Arab Republic of Egypt. [5]
Egypt is the headquarters of the League of Arab States and a member of the African Union, playing an important role in Arab, African, and international affairs. Egypt is the third largest economy in Africa, with an open market economy and a relatively complete industrial, agricultural, and service system. In 2021, Egypt’s gross domestic product was $385.58 billion.

Chinese name
the Arab Republic of Egypt
Foreign Name
The Arab Republic of Egypt (in English)
جمهورية مصرالイة (Arabic)
abbreviation
Egypt
Belonging continent
Africa, Asia
Capital City
Cairo
major city
Alexandria, Ismailia, Port Said, Sharm El Sheikh, Luxor, Aswan, etc
National Day
July 23rd
National Anthem
My Motherland
Country code
EGY
official language
Arabic
Currency
egyptian pound
Time Zone
UTC+2
political system
presidential republic
National leaders
Abdul Fattah el Sisi (President), Mustafa Madbury (Prime Minister)
population size
Approximately 106 million [5] (as of June 2024)
population density
104.7 people per square kilometer 5
Main ethnic groups
Eastern Hamm tribe [34]
Main religions
Islam (Sunni), Christianity (Coptic Church)
land area
1001449 km²
Water area ratio
0.632%
Total GDP
369.1 billion US dollars (2023)
Per Capita GDP
$3780 (2023)
International telephone area code
twenty
International Domain Abbreviations
.eg
Road traffic
keep to the right
Main universities
Cairo University, Alexandria University, etc
Color taboos
Dark light color, purple
national flower
lotus
national bird
Eagle
state structure
Unitary system
main rivers
the Nile
Geographical highest point
Catherine Mountain (altitude 2642 meters)
Alias
Misl [33]

As of June 2024, the total population of Egypt is 106 million, concentrated in the Nile Delta and coastal areas. Among them, Cairo Province has 10.33 million people, Giza Province has 9.62 million people, Eastern Province has 8 million people, and Alexandria Province has 5.59 million people. As of the first quarter of 2024, the labor force in Egypt is 31.4 million, accounting for about 30% of the total population, of which approximately 3.87 million are employed in the manufacturing industry. In 2022, there will be approximately 122100 graduates with a bachelor’s degree or higher from Egyptian universities. There are about 20000 overseas Chinese in Egypt, mainly concentrated in Cairo, Alexandria, the Suez Canal Economic Zone, and other places. [6]
06:22
Egypt | Civilization and Challenges Along the Nile River from a Geographic Perspective
The main ethnic group of Egypt is the Oriental Ham (Egyptian Arabs, Copts, Bedouins, Berbers), accounting for 99% of the total population, while Nubians, Greeks, Armenians, descendants of Italians and French people account for 1%.

The Republic of Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية السودان); The Republic of the Sudan, abbreviated as Sudan, is located in northeastern Africa, along the Red Sea coast, at the eastern end of the Sahara Desert. With a land area of 1882000 square kilometers, it is the third largest country in Africa and the 15th largest country in the world in terms of area. The capital Khartoum has 18 states and a population of approximately 49.14 million (as of 2023). The main ethnic groups include Arabs, Beja, Fur, Nuba, and Black, with Arabs accounting for 70%. [1]
Sudan has a long history and has been the ancestral home of Nubians for generations. [1] From 2800 BC to 1000 BC, it was part of ancient Egypt. Around 950 BC, it gained independence from Egyptian rule and established the Kingdom of Kush, which ruled Egypt at its peak. In the 7th century AD, a large number of Arabs migrated in, and in the 15th century, the Kingdom of Fingi emerged. In the 17th century, the Fur people established the Kingdom of Cordoba and the Sultanate of Darfur. In the 1870s, British influence expanded from Egypt to Sudan. In 1899, Sudan was jointly governed by Britain and Egypt. Co administration was abolished in 1951. On January 1, 1956, it gained independence as the Republic of Sudan. In 1969, it was renamed the Democratic Republic of Sudan, and in 1985 it was renamed the Republic of Sudan again. [1]
Sudan is listed as one of the world’s least developed countries by the United Nations, with a single economic structure, weak foundation, backward industry, and strong dependence on natural environment and foreign aid. In 2022, Sudan’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is $46.7 billion, with a per capita GDP of $592.

Chinese name
Republic of Sudan [1]
Foreign Name
جمهورية السودان (Arabic)
Republic of the Sudan [1] (in English)
Sudan
abbreviation
Sudan
Belonging continent
Africa
Capital City
Khartoum [1]
major city
Port Sudan, North Khartoum, Entuman, etc. [1]
National Day
January 1, 1956
National Anthem
We are the army of Allah and our land
Country code
SDN
official language
Arabic [1]
Currency
Sudanese Pound [1]
Time Zone
UTC+2
political system
presidential republic
National leaders
Abdul Fattah Abdulrahman Burhan [1] (Chairman of the Sovereign Council, the highest authority of the Republic of Sudan)
population size
Approximately 49.4 million 18
population density
24.8 people per square kilometer 2
Main ethnic groups
Nubians and Arabs [1]
Main religions
Islam 1
land area
1882000 km²
Total GDP
25.7 billion US dollars (2023)
Per Capita GDP
536 USD (2023)
International telephone area code
two hundred and forty-nine
International Domain Abbreviations
sd
Road traffic
Drive on the right side
Main universities
University of Khartoum

In 2022, the population of Sudan will be about 46.68 million. [1]
Sudan is a region where multiple ethnic groups intersect, with the main ethnic groups including Arabs, Beja, Fur, Nuba, and Black people, among whom Arabs account for 70%. Arabs mainly live in the central, northern, and northeastern regions of Sudan, occupying a dominant position in Sudan’s political, economic, and social life. The Beja people mainly live in the eastern region of Sudan, the Fur people live in the Darfur region, and black people mainly live in the southern and partially northwestern regions of Sudan.

Libya, also known as Libya, is a country in North Africa located on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, adjacent to Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Algeria, and Tunisia. Covering an area of 1.76 million square kilometers, the capital city is Tripoli, with a population of 7.2 million (as of 2023), mainly composed of Arabs, followed by Berbers. The country is divided into 22 provinces and 3 regions. [1]
In the 3rd century BC, Libyans established a unified Kingdom of Numidia in their struggle against the rule of the Carthaginian Empire. [1] In the 7th century, the Arabs defeated the Byzantines, conquered the Berbers, and brought Arab culture and Islam. [1] In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire captured Tripolitania (now western Libya) and Cyrenaica, taking control of the coastal areas. [1] In 1912, Libya became an Italian colony after the Italian Turkish War. [1] In early 1943, France and Britain respectively occupied southern and northern Libya. After World War II, the United Nations exercised jurisdiction over all of Libya’s territory. On December 24, 1951, Libya declared independence and established the federal United Kingdom of Libya, which was later renamed the Kingdom of Libya. [1] On September 1, 1969, the “Free Officers Organization” led by Gaddafi launched a coup, overthrew the Idris dynasty, and established the Libyan Arab Republic. In March 1977, the country changed its name to the Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Republic. In April 1986, the country changed its name to the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Republic. In 2011, the Gaddafi regime was overthrown. In May 2013, the country was named Libya. [1] After the overthrow of the Gaddafi government, Libya fell into a long-term state of division and turmoil, with declining national strength, ineffective governance, and outdated infrastructure. [24]
Libya is still in a transitional period, with political turmoil and frequent violent incidents. In 2022, Libya’s gross domestic product (GDP) was 38.8 billion US dollars, with a per capita GDP of 5465 US dollars and a GDP growth rate of -5.5%.

Chinese name
Libya [1]
Foreign Name
State of Libya [1]
(Arabic)
abbreviation
Libya
Belonging continent
Africa
Capital City
Tripoli [1]
major city
Benghazi, Sirte, Ajdabiya, Tobruk, etc. [1]
National Day
December 24, 1951 [1]
National Anthem
Libya, Libya, Libya
Country code
LBY
official language
Arabic [1]
Currency
Libyan Dinar [1]
Time Zone
UTC+2
political system
presidential republic
National leaders
Manfi [20] (Chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council)
population size
7.2 million (2023)
population density
3.9 people per square kilometer 9
Main ethnic groups
Arabs and Berbers [1]
Main religions
Islam 1
land area
1760000 km² [1]
Total GDP
$44.1 billion (2023)
Per Capita GDP
6125 USD (2023)
International telephone area code
two hundred and eighteen
International Domain Abbreviations
.ly
Road traffic
Drive on the right side
The largest city
tripoli
Alias
Desert Kingdom
national flower
pomegranate flowers

7.2 million (2023), mainly Arabs, followed by Berbers. Arabic is the national language. The vast majority of residents believe in Islam.

The Republic of Tunisia (la R é publique Tunisienne), abbreviated as Tunisia, is located in the capital city of Tunis. Located at the northern end of Africa, it borders Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east, and Italy across the Tunisian Strait. The total area is 162000 square kilometers, and the coastline is 1300 kilometers long. The northern region has a Mediterranean climate, while the southern region has a tropical desert climate. The country is divided into 24 provinces, with 264 administrative regions and 350 cities. As of 2023, the total population of Tunisia is 12.24 million, with over 90% being Arabs. Arabic is the national language and French is commonly used. Islam is the state religion, mainly Sunni. [1]
In the early 9th century BC, the Phoenicians established the city of Carthage along the coast of the Gulf of Tunis, which later developed into a slave based power. In 146 BC, it became part of the Roman Empire’s province of Africa. In the 5th and 6th centuries AD, it was successively occupied by the Vandals and Byzantines. In 703, Tunisia was conquered by Arab Muslims. In the 13th century, the Hafsid dynasty established a powerful Tunisian state. In 1574, it became a province of the Ottoman Empire of Türkiye. In 1881, it became a French protectorate. On March 20, 1956, France recognized Tunisia’s independence. On July 25, 1957, the Tunisian Constituent Assembly passed a resolution to depose the king and declare the establishment of the Republic of Tunisia, with Bourguiba as the first president. [1]
Tunisia combines the triple attributes of Africa, Arabia, and the Mediterranean, possessing ancient civilization and Mediterranean culture. Give equal importance to industry, agriculture, and service industries in the economy. The industry is mainly focused on phosphate mining, processing, and textile industry. Olive oil is the main agricultural product for export earnings. The tourism industry is relatively developed and plays an important role in the economy. Tunisia has a stable political and social situation, sound laws, inclusive and open society, attaches great importance to education, and has abundant human resources with higher education. In 2024, Tunisia’s gross domestic product will be 52.64 billion US dollars

Chinese name
Republic of Tunisia [1]
Foreign Name
The Republic of Tunisia [1] (in English)
La R é publique Tuning (French)
الجمهنسイة (Arabic)
abbreviation
Tunisia
Belonging continent
Africa
Capital City
Tunis City [1]
major city
Suse, Bizerte, Keruwan, Nabule, Jerba Island, etc. [1]
National Day
March 20, 1956 [1]
National Anthem
Defender of the Motherland
Country code
TUN
official language
Arabic [1]
Currency
Tunisian Dinar [1]
Time Zone
UTC+1
political system
republic
National leaders
Keith Said 2, Kamal Maduri [10] (Prime Minister)
population size
12.24 million (2023)
population density
76.8 people per square kilometer 5
Main ethnic groups
Arabs and Berbers [1]
Main religions
Islam 1
land area
162000 km² [1]
Water area ratio
5%
Total GDP
52.64 billion US dollars 22
Per Capita GDP
$4270 22
International telephone area code
two hundred and sixteen
International Domain Abbreviations
.tn
Road traffic
Drive on the right side
Main universities
Tunisian universities such as Manal and Manuba

12.24 million (2023) [22], with over 90% being Arabs and the rest being Berbers.

The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, abbreviated as “Algeria” (Arabic: الجزائرal Jaz ā ʼ ir, French: Alg é rie), is a country in the Maghreb region of northern Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya and Tunisia to the east, Niger, Mali, and Mauritania to the southeast and south, and Morocco to the west. Algeria has the largest land area among African countries, Mediterranean countries, and Arab countries, ranking 10th in the world with a population of 46.63 million (2024). Most of the population is Arab, followed by Berbers (about 20% of the total population), with a land area of 2.38 million square kilometers. Its capital is Algiers, and the country is divided into 58 provinces. [1]
The name Algeria comes from the city name and capital city Algiers, which means “archipelago” in Arabic, referring to the four islands that used to be located in the bay of the city. After 1525, these four islands gradually merged with the mainland. [1] The Berber Kingdom was established in the 3rd century BC. It became a province of ancient Rome in 146 BC. In 702, it was conquered by the Arabs. In the 16th century, it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. [1] Soon after, Spain, Portugal, France and other countries invaded successively. In 1830, France occupied Algiers, and in 1905, it occupied the entire territory. On September 19, 1958, the Provisional Government of the Republic was declared established. Independence was declared on July 3, 1962. [1]
Algeria ranks fourth in terms of economic scale in Africa, only behind South Africa, Nigeria, and Egypt. Oil and natural gas are the pillars of the Afghan national economy. Algeria has the fifth largest natural gas reserves in the world and is the second largest natural gas exporting country in the world. The oil reserves rank 15th in the world, with a GDP of 260.1 billion US dollars and a per capita GDP of 5580 US dollars in 2024. The economic growth rate is 3.8%, and the inflation rate is 5.3%.

Chinese name
People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria [1]
Foreign Name
People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria (in English)
الجزائرal Jaz ā ʼ ir (Arabic)
abbreviation
Algeria
Belonging continent
Africa
Capital City
Algiers [1]
major city
Oran, Constantine, Annaba, etc. [1]
National Day
November 1st [1]
National Anthem
The Oath (Kassaman)
Country code
DZA
official language
Arabic [1]
Currency
Algerian Dinar [1]
Time Zone
UTC+1
political system
presidential republic
National leaders
Abdul Majid Teben (President), Mohammad Nazir al Albawi [17] (Prime Minister)
population size
46.63 million 29
population density
18.4 people per square kilometer [8]
Main ethnic groups
Arabs and Berbers [1]
Main religions
Islam 1
land area
2380000 km²
Total GDP
260.1 billion US dollars (2024)
Per Capita GDP
5580 USD (2024)
International telephone area code
two hundred and thirteen
International Domain Abbreviations
DZ
Road traffic
Drive on the right side
Climate Type
Mediterranean climate and tropical desert climate
Main universities
University of Algiers, University of Constantine, etc

45.6 million (2023). Most of them are Arabs, followed by Berbers (accounting for about 20% of the total population). The ethnic minorities include the Muzhabu and Tuareg.