月度归档： 2025 年 5 月

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country in central and western Asia. It borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north, Iran to the west, Pakistan to the south and east, and China to the northeast through a narrow strip of land. The country has a land area of 647500 square kilometers and its capital is Kabul. Afghanistan is one of the least developed countries in the world. After experiencing wars and economic destruction, it heavily relies on foreign aid. [8]
The Kingdom of Afghanistan was established in 1747. After the 19th century, China’s national strength gradually declined, becoming a battleground between Britain and Tsarist Russia. In 1919, it gained independence from British colonial rule. [8] In 1978, the Afghan People’s Democratic Party overthrew the Daud regime and established the Afghan Democratic Republic. [2] In December 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. In February 1989, the Soviet army withdrew. Due to various anti Soviet armed groups vying for power and power, Afghanistan fell into civil war. In 1994, the Taliban emerged in Afghanistan and captured Kabul in September 1996, establishing political power and implementing Islamic rule in Afghanistan. In 2001, after the 9/11 attacks, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan collapsed under US military strikes. In December 2001, Afghanistan established an interim government. In April 2021, the United States, its allies, and NATO countries announced simultaneous withdrawal of troops; On August 15th, the Afghan Taliban entered Kabul; On September 7th, the Taliban in Afghanistan formed an interim government. [8]
As of August 2024, the population of Afghanistan is approximately 35.7 million, with Pashtuns accounting for 40%, Tajiks accounting for 25%, and over 20 ethnic minorities including Hazaras, Uzbeks, and Turkmen. Pashto and Dari are the official languages, and other languages include Uzbek, Baluchi, Turkish, etc. Sunni Muslims account for 86%, Shia Muslims account for 13%, and others account for 1%. [8] Afghanistan is divided into 34 provinces, each with counties, districts, townships, and villages. [8] In 2023, Afghanistan’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP): 17.23 billion US dollars; Per capita Gross Domestic Product: 493 US dollars.

Chinese name
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Foreign Name
The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
abbreviation
Afghanistan
Belonging continent
Asia
Capital City
Kabul
major city
Herat, Kandahar, Mazar Sharif
National Day
August 19, 1919 [10]
National Anthem
Milli Surood
Country code
AFG
official language
Pashto, Dari
Currency
Afghani
Time Zone
UTC+4.5
population size
Approximately 35.7 million (Afghanistan National Bureau of Statistics and Information Management, August 2024)
Main ethnic groups
Pashtun ethnic group
Main religions
Islam (Sunni)
land area
647500 km²
Total GDP
17.23 billion US dollars (2023)
Per Capita GDP
493 USD (2023)
International telephone area code
ninety-three
International Domain Abbreviations
.af
Road traffic
Drive on the right side
Central bank
Central Bank of Afghanistan
Main universities
Kabul University

Approximately 35.7 million (Afghanistan National Bureau of Statistics and Information Management, August 2024). Pashtun ethnic group accounts for 40%, Tajik ethnic group accounts for 25%, and there are more than 20 ethnic minorities such as Hazara, Uzbek, Turkmen, etc. Pashto and Dari are the official languages, and other languages include Uzbek, Baluchi, Turkish, etc. Sunni Muslims account for 86%, Shia Muslims account for 13%, and others account for 1%. [2] [23]
According to United Nations statistics, nearly a quarter of Afghanistan’s 32.2 million population has been displaced from their homes. There are still 4.6 million Afghan refugees in exile worldwide, of whom 2.7 million have obtained refugee status. Pakistan and Iran respectively host 1.4 million and 1 million Afghan refugees. The Afghan Ministry of Refugees and Repatriation Affairs stated that over 540000 refugees returned to Afghanistan from March 2019 to March 2020. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in 2019, various armed conflicts, unstable security situations, and other reasons caused over 400000 people to be displaced throughout Afghanistan. These people lack shelter, food, water, medical resources, as well as opportunities for education and employment.

There are about 30 ethnic groups in Afghanistan, with 21 being the main ethnic groups. Among them, the Pashtun ethnic group accounts for about 40%, the Tajik ethnic group accounts for about 25%, the Hazara ethnic group accounts for 19%, and the Uzbek ethnic group accounts for 8% (due to the lack of a census in Afghanistan for many years, the accurate number and proportion of each ethnic group are difficult to determine, and there are significant differences in data sources). The rest include more than 20 ethnic minorities such as Turkmen, Baloch, Chalamak, Nuristan, Kyrgyz, Timurid, etc. The southern region includes the border areas of Aba and Ayi, mainly composed of Pashtun ethnic groups; The areas bordering Central Asian countries are mainly inhabited by Tajik, Uzbek, and Turkmen ethnic groups; The Hazara ethnic group is mainly distributed in the central provinces of Bamyan, Daikundi, and Ghazni.

Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы/ قازاقستان رەسپۋبلىيكاسى [29]， The Republic of Kazakhstan, abbreviated as Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан, English: Kazakhstan), is located in central Asia. Russian is a compulsory language. [31] It borders Russia to the north, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan to the south, the Caspian Sea to the west, and China to the east. The area is 2.7249 million square kilometers. The population of Kazakhstan is 20.286 million (as of January 2025). There are 17 states and 3 municipalities directly under the central government in China. The capital Astana. [1]
The Kazakh Khanate was established in 1456 AD, and by the 16th century, the Kazakh people had developed into three major yuzis: large, medium, and small. In the mid-19th century, it was annexed by the Russian Empire. In 1936, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was established and joined the Soviet Union, becoming one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union. On December 16, 1991, the Republic of Kazakhstan gained independence and was established.
Kazakhstan has strengthened its integration with the CIS countries in terms of economy, politics, and military. On January 1, 2015, it established the Eurasian Economic Union with countries such as Russia, Belarus, and Kyrgyzstan. In 2021, Kazakhstan’s gross domestic product was 176.6 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 4%. From January to April 2022, Kazakhstan’s gross domestic product increased by 4.4% year-on-year.

Chinese name
The Republic of Kazakhstan
Foreign Name
The Republic of Kazakhstan (in English)
Қазақстанパеспубликасы (Kazakh)
قازاقستان رەسپۋبلىيكاسى [29]
abbreviation
Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan
Belonging continent
Asia [1]
Capital City
Astana [22]
major city
Almaty, Shymkent, Karaganda, etc. [45]
National Day
October 25th [23]
National Anthem
My Kazakhstan “
Country code
KAZ [2]
official language
Kazakh, Russian
Currency
Kazakhstan tenge (KZT)
Time Zone
UTC+5 [37]
political system
presidential republic
National leaders
Kassem Jomart Tokayev 21
population size
20.286 million (as of January 1, 2025)
population density
7.0 people per square kilometer 7
Main ethnic groups
Kazakh and Russian ethnic groups [1]
Main religions
Islam (Sunni), Eastern Orthodox [52]
land area
2724900 km²
Water area ratio
1.7%
Total GDP
220.472 billion US dollars (2022)
Per Capita GDP
9060 USD 28
International telephone area code
997 [24]
International Domain Abbreviations
kz
Road traffic
keep to the right
National symbol
Snow leopard, golden eagle
legal system
continental law system
National structural form
Unitary system
Calendar
the Gregorian calendar

As of May 4, 2022 local time, there are 17 provinces and 3 municipalities in China (the capital Astana, the former capital Almaty, and Shymkent). They are: Astana City, Almaty City, Shymkent City, Almaty Oblast (Kunayev), Akmola Oblast (Kokshetau), Aktube Oblast (Aktobe), Atyrau Oblast (Atyrau), Pavlodar Oblast (Pavlodar), Mangghsystau Oblast (Aktau), Karaganda Oblast (Karaganda), Kostanay Oblast (Kostanay), Kyzylorda Oblast (Kyzylorda, Kyzylorda), Janbuhr Oblast. Oblast (Jambyl, Taraz), East Kazakhstan Oblast (Shyghys kazakstan, Eskman), Turkestan Oblast, West Kazakhstan Oblast (Batysdy kazakstan, Urals), North Kazakhstan Oblast (Soltustik kazakstan), Kizilazar, Abay Oblast (Абай, Semey), Jetsu Suzhou (Жетсу, Tardikurgan), Ultau Oblast (лытау, Jezikazgan)

The Republic of Uzbekistan, abbreviated as Uzbekistan, is a landlocked country located in Central Asia with Russian as the lingua franca. [22] is one of the two dual landlocked countries in the world, with a population of 37.36 million (as of October 2024). There are over 130 ethnic groups in total, with Uzbek accounting for 83.8%, Russian accounting for 2.3%, Tajik accounting for 4.8%, Kazakh accounting for 2.5%, and a land area of 448900 square kilometers. The capital city is Tashkent, and the country is divided into one republic, twelve provinces, and one municipality.
In the 9th to 11th centuries AD, the Uzbek ethnic group was formed. [1] In the 13th century, it was conquered by the Mongols. In the mid-14th century, a massive empire was established with Samarkand as its capital. In the 16th to 18th centuries, the Bukhara Khanate, the Khiva Khanate, and the Kokand Khanate were established. In the 1860s, it was annexed by the Russian Empire. [1] In 1924, the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic was established and joined the Soviet Union, becoming one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union. Independence was declared on August 31, 1991.
Uzbekistan is the world’s 6th largest cotton producer and 2nd largest cotton exporter, the 7th largest gold producer, and also an important producer of natural gas, coal, copper, oil, silver, and uranium in the region. This country is also a unique example of a smooth transition from a planned economy to a market economy.
In 2020, Uzbekistan’s gross domestic product was approximately $57.699 billion, a year-on-year increase of 1.6%, with a per capita gross domestic product of approximately $1685.5 and an inflation rate of 11.1%. In 2021, Uzbekistan’s gross domestic product was approximately 69.2 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 7.4%, with a per capita gross domestic product of approximately 1861.8 US dollars and an inflation rate of 9.9%. In the first half of 2022, Uzbekistan’s gross domestic product was 35.27 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 5.4%. [1]

Chinese name
Republic of Uzbekistan [1]
Foreign Name
Republic of Uzbekistan
abbreviation
Uzbekistan [1]
Belonging continent
Asia
Capital City
Tashkent [1]
major city
Samarkand, Bukhara, Andijan, Fergana, etc
National Day
September 1, 1991
National Anthem
The National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Country code
UZB
official language
Uzbek [1]
Currency
Uzbekistan Sums [1]
Time Zone
UTC+5
political system
presidential republic
National leaders
Shafkat Mirziyoyev 3, Abdullah Alipov [3] (Prime Minister)
population size
37.36 million [34] (as of October 2024)
population density
78.7 people per square kilometer 11
Main ethnic groups
Uzbek ethnic group [1]
Main religions
Islam 1
land area
448900 km ² (updated as of January 2021)
Water area ratio
4.9%
Total GDP
80.4 billion US dollars 1
Per Capita GDP
2254 USD 1
International telephone area code
nine hundred and ninety-eight
International Domain Abbreviations
.uz
Road traffic
keep to the right
Constitution Implementation Day
December 8, 1992
forest coverage
8% (2005 statistics)
Main universities
Oriental Academy, Tashkent State University, etc

Uzbekistan is divided into one autonomous republic (Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic), 12 provinces (Khwarezm, Navoi, Bukhara, Samarkand, Kashkadarya, Surkhan, Jizak, Syr Darya, Tashkent, Namangan, Andijan, Fergana), and one municipality (Tashkent City)
The capital city of Tashkent covers an area of 334 square kilometers and is its political, economic, financial, commercial, cultural, educational, and transportation center. Tashkent is also the most economically developed city in Ukraine, with a regional GDP accounting for 18.4% of Ukraine’s GDP. Among them, the output value of the tertiary industry accounts for 54.4% of the city’s total output value, while the rest is industrial, accounting for 45.6%. Major ministries, embassies and representative offices of foreign and international organizations, as well as headquarters of large state-owned and foreign-funded enterprises in Uzbekistan, are all located in Tashkent city. The permanent population is 3.021 million (as of October 2023). The average temperature in January is 0 ℃, and the average temperature in July is 28 ℃.
Other major economic and tourist cities include Samarkand, Bukhara, and Namangan. Samarkand is the capital of Samarkand Oblast and a famous tourist city. It is located on the banks of the Zeravshan River, with a railway distance of 270 kilometers northeast to the capital Tashkent and 249 kilometers south to the Afghan border. The area is 51.9 square kilometers and the population is 540000.
Bukhara City is located in the southwest of Uzbekistan, on the banks of the Shahkut Canal in the Zeravshan River Delta, in the central part of the Bukhara Oasis. It has a population of 276000 and is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Bukhara Oblast, 434 kilometers northeast of the capital Tashkent. Bukhara city has developed tourism and natural gas resources, and there is a control center for the China Central Asia natural gas pipeline A/B/C lines in the city.

Uzbekistan has over 130 ethnic groups. Uzbek accounts for 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 4%, in addition, Turkmen, Ukraine, Uygur, Armenia, Türkiye, Belarus, etc.

Turkmenistan (Turkmen: Түркменистан) is a Central Asian country where Russian is the lingua franca. [15] Located north of Iran, bordering Afghanistan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the northeast, Kazakhstan to the northwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west, it is a landlocked country. Due to its location in the Mediterranean earthquake zone, it is often threatened by earthquakes. The population is 7.05 million (as of December 2022), with the main ethnic groups being Turkmen (94.7%), Uzbek (2%), and Russian (1.8%). The country covers an area of 491200 square kilometers and is divided into 5 provinces and 1 municipality, except for the capital city Ashgabat. [1]
In history, Persians, Macedonians, Turks, Arabs, and Mongolian Tatars have established states here. In the 15th century, the Turkmen ethnic group was basically formed. In the late 1860s and mid-1980s, some territories were incorporated into Russia (Outer Caspian Oblast). In 1917, the Turkmen people participated in the February Revolution and the October Socialist Revolution, and in December of the same year, the Soviet regime was established. On October 27, 1924, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic was established and joined the Soviet Union. On October 27, 1991, it declared independence and changed its name to Turkmenistan. Joined the Commonwealth of Independent States on December 21 of the same year. Joined the United Nations on March 2, 1992. On December 12, 1995, the 50th session of the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution recognizing Turkey as a permanently neutral country.
Although Turkmenistan is one of the driest regions in the world, it is rich in oil and natural gas resources, and its natural gas reserves rank fourth in the world. [13] The oil and gas industry is the pillar industry of the country. In terms of agriculture, cotton and wheat are the main crops, and there is also animal husbandry (such as Akhaltemma). In 2020, Turkmenistan’s GDP growth rate was 5.90%. In 2019, Turkmenistan’s foreign trade volume was 17.998 billion US dollars, an increase of 6.03% over the previous year

Chinese name
Turkmenistan [1]
Foreign Name
Turkmenistan
abbreviation
TURKMENISTAN
Belonging continent
Asia
Capital City
Ashgabat [1]
major city
Balkannabad, Dashaguz, Tukumenbashi, etc. [1]
National Day
October 27th
National Anthem
Independence, Neutrality, National Anthem of Turkmenistan
Country code
TKM
official language
Turkmen language [1]
Currency
Turkmenistan Manat [1]
Time Zone
UTC+5
political system
presidential republic
National leaders
Sherdar Berdymukhamedov [1] 10
population size
7.05 million [1] (December 2022)
population density
12.8 people per square kilometer 9
Main ethnic groups
Turkmen people [1]
Main religions
Islam 1
land area
491200 km²
Water area ratio
4.9%
Total GDP
40.761 billion US dollars (2018, international exchange rate)
Per Capita GDP
6967 US dollars (2018, international exchange rate)
International telephone area code
nine hundred and ninety-three
International Domain Abbreviations
.tm
Road traffic
keep to the right
Neutral Day
December 12th
National Flag Day
February 19th
Main universities
National Machtumkuri University [11]

Ashgabat, the capital city, is a municipality directly under the central government. The country is divided into five states (provinces): Ahar, Barkhan, Dashoguz, Lebap, and Mareh, with 16 cities and 46 districts.
As of December 2022, the population of Turkmenistan is 7.05 million. The main ethnic groups include Turkmen (94.7%), Uzbek (2%), and Russian (1.8%). In addition, there are over 120 ethnic groups such as Kazakhs, Armenians, Tatars, and Azerbaijanis (1.5%). [1]
According to official data from Turkmenistan, the total population in 2020 was about 6 million, with a population density of approximately 12 people per square kilometer. In addition to the capital Ashgabat (about 1 million people), other cities with relatively concentrated populations include Tukumannabat, Mare, Dashoguz, etc. The main ethnic groups in Turkmenistan are Turkmen (accounting for 94.7% of the total population), Uzbek (2%), and Russian (1.8%). In addition, there are more than 120 ethnic groups such as Kazakhs, Armenians, Tatars, and Azerbaijanis (a total of 1.5%).

The Kyrgyz Republic, also known as Kyrgyzstan, is a landlocked country located in Central Asia. It borders Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest, and China to the east. The area is 199900 square kilometers. [1] As of January 2024, the population of Kyrgyzstan is 7.2 million. [1] Bishkek is the capital and largest city of Kyrgyzstan.
There were written records in the 3rd century BC. The Kyrgyz Khanate was established between the 6th and 13th centuries. In the 16th century, he was forced to migrate from the upper reaches of the Yenisei River to his current residence. In 1876, it was annexed by the Russian Empire. In 1936, the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic was established and joined the Soviet Union, becoming one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union. On August 31, 1991, it gained independence and became the Kyrgyz Republic.
Kyrgyzstan is currently a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, and the Collective Security Treaty Organization; It is also a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Organization of Turkic Speaking Countries, and the International Organization of Turkic Culture. In 2021, Kyrgyzstan’s gross domestic product was approximately 7.95 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 3.6%, with an inflation rate of 11.2%. In 2022, the gross domestic product (GDP) was approximately 10.66 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 7%, and the per capita GDP was 1522.86 US dollars.

Chinese name
The Kyrgyz Republic
Foreign Name
Кыргызская республика 1
Kyrgyz Republic (in English)
abbreviation
Kyrgyzstan (Кыргызстан)
Belonging continent
Asia
Capital City
Bishkek (largest city)
major city
Batken, Jalalabad, etc
National Day
August 31, 1991
National Anthem
The National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic
Country code
KGZ
official language
Kyrgyz is the national language, and Russian is the official language
Currency
KGS
Time Zone
UTC+6
political system
Presidential system [11]
National leaders
Sader Nurgorovich Zaparov [1]
population size
7.2 million (as of January 2024)
population density
34 people per square kilometer 7
Main ethnic groups
Kyrgyz ethnic group
Main religions
Islam (Sunni)
land area
199900 km² [1]
Water area ratio
3.6%
Total GDP
10.93 billion US dollars 1
Per Capita GDP
1358 USD (2022)
International telephone area code
12 hours a day 6 days a week
International Domain Abbreviations
.kg
Road traffic
Drive on the right side
National structural form
Unitary system
Climate
continental climate

Kyrgyzstan is divided into 7 provinces and 2 cities: Chuhe Oblast, Taras Oblast, Osh Oblast, Jalalabad Oblast, Naren Oblast, Issyk Kul Oblast, Batken Oblast, and the cities of Bishkek and Osh. States and cities have subordinate districts, and district administrative offices are grassroots government agencies. [2]
capital
Bishkek, also known as Биチкек, was founded in 1878 and was originally called “Bishkek”. It was renamed “Frunze” in 1926 and resumed its current name on February 7, 1991. The population is 1.145 million (as of December 2023). The average temperature in January is -4.7 ℃, and the average temperature in July is 24.5 ℃. National economic, political, cultural, and technological center, major transportation hub. The area is 130 square kilometers. [2]
As of January 2024, the population of Kyrgyzstan is 7.2 million. There are more than 80 ethnic groups, of which the Kyrgyz account for 73.6%, the Uzbek account for 14.7%, the Russian account for 5.6%, the Donggan account for 1.1%, the Uygur account for 0.9%, the Tajik account for 0.9%, the Türkiye account for 0.7%, the Kazak account for 0.6%, and other ethnic groups are Tatar, Azerbaijan, Korea, Ukraine, etc.

Kyrgyzstan is a multi religious country where Islam is predominant. There are various denominations in the country, including Islam, Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Judaism, and Buddhism. Kyrgyz people mostly believe in Islam and belong to the Sunni sect. There are also ethnic groups such as Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Tatars, Uyghurs, Tajiks, and Donggan who believe in Islam. Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians practice Eastern Orthodoxy; Germans mostly believe in Protestantism; Jews believe in Judaism; Koreans believe in Buddhism. Islam is the main religion in Kyrgyzstan.
More than 80% of residents in Kyrgyzstan believe in Islam, with the majority being Sunni.

The Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: ҶумҳурииТоҷикистон, English: The Republic of Tajikistan), also known as Tajikistan, is located between Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and China. It is the only non Turkic country among the five Central Asian countries and the smallest country in terms of land area in China. Its population is 10.36 million (as of March 2024), with a total of 86 ethnic groups, including Tajik accounting for about 80%, Uzbek accounting for 15.3%, and Russian accounting for 1%. The country has a land area of 143100 square kilometers and is divided into three states. District 1 municipality directly under the central government.
The Tajik ethnic group was basically formed in the 9th and 10th centuries AD. In the 13th century, it was conquered by the Mongolian Tatars. In 1868, it was annexed by the Russian Empire. [1] In 1929, the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic was established and joined the Soviet Union, becoming one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union. On September 9, 1991, it gained independence and implemented a presidential system. [1]
Tajikistan has a relatively weak economic foundation and a relatively single structure. The political and economic crisis after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, as well as years of civil war, caused serious damage to the national economy of Tajikistan. Since 1997, the economy has gradually recovered and a new currency has been issued since the beginning of the 21st century to stabilize and improve the national financial system. Tajikistan is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, NATO’s “Partnership for Peace” program, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia

Chinese name
Republic of Tajikistan
Foreign Name
The Republic of Tajikistan (in English)
ҶумҳуриТоҷикистон (Tajik)
abbreviation
Tajikistan, Tajikistan
Belonging continent
Asia
Capital City
Dushanbe [1]
major city
DUSHANBE
National Day
September 9, 1991
National Anthem
The National Anthem of the Republic of Tajikistan
Country code
TJK
official language
Tajik (national language), Russian (lingua franca) [1]
Currency
TJS
Time Zone
UTC+5
political system
presidential republic
National leaders
Emomali Rahmon (President), Kojir Rasulzoda (Prime Minister)
population size
10.36 million (as of March 2024)
population density
68.1 people per square kilometer 9
Main ethnic groups
the Tajik nationality
Main religions
Islam 1
land area
143100 km² [1]
Water area ratio
1.8%
Total GDP
Approximately 11.57 billion US dollars (2022)
Per Capita GDP
897 USD 1
International telephone area code
nine hundred and ninety-two
International Domain Abbreviations
.tj
Road traffic
Drive on the right side
Main universities
Slavic University, Huzande University, etc
Calendar
the Gregorian calendar

Tajikistan is a landlocked country located in southeastern Central Asia (between 36 ° 40 ‘and 41 ° 05’ north latitude and 67 ° 31 ‘and 75 ° 14’ east longitude), with a land area of 143100 square kilometers. There are many mountains within the territory, accounting for about 93% of the total land area, and it is known as the “high mountain country”. It borders Xinjiang, China in the east and southeast (with a border of 430 kilometers, and the capital Dushanbe is 1009 kilometers away from the Chinese border port), Afghanistan in the south (with a border of 1030 kilometers, and the capital Dushanbe is 185 kilometers away from the Afghan border), Uzbekistan in the west (with a border of 910 kilometers, and the capital Dushanbe is 70 kilometers away from the western Uzbekistan port), and Kyrgyzstan in the north (with a border of 630 kilometers, and the capital Dushanbe is 368 kilometers away from the border city of Karamek). [3] [12]
topographic features
Located in a mountainous area, 90% of the territory is mountainous and high-altitude, with about half of them located at an altitude of over 3000 meters, earning it the nickname “High Mountain Country”. [1] Mountainous areas account for 93% of the total area. More than half of the areas have an altitude above 3000 meters, with less than 7% of arable land. The Ismail Somoni Peak in the Pamir Plateau is the highest point in the country, with an elevation of 7495 meters. When the glaciers and snow on the mountains melt, they form endless rushing rivers. The northern mountains belong to the Tianshan Mountains, the central part belongs to the Gisar Ar Mount Taishan Mountains, the southeastern part is the Pamir Plateau covered with ice and snow, and the highest is the Communist Peak, with an altitude of 7495m. The northern part is the western edge of the Fergana Basin, while the southwestern part includes the Vakhsh Valley, Gissar Valley, and Panche Valley. [2]

The country is divided into three provinces, one district, and one municipality: Gorno Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast, Soght Oblast, Khatlon Oblast, Central Direct District, and Dushanbe City. [2]
major city
08:09
Get to know a bustling city every day – Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan
The capital city is Dushanbe, with a population of 731000 (as of March 2024). The Gissar Basin is located between the Valzob River and the Kafelnikan River, with an altitude of 750-930 meters and an area of 125 square kilometers. The highest temperature in summer can reach 40 ℃, and the lowest temperature in winter is around minus 10 ℃. Dushanbe is the political, economic, scientific, cultural, and educational center of Tajikistan. The city is divided into four districts: Xino District, Ismoili Somoni District, Shokhmansur District, and Feldavsi District. In 2020, the total output value of Dushanbe city area was about 1.51 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 4.0%, accounting for 18.9% of the national GDP; The total industrial output value reached 265 million US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 4.1%, accounting for 9.0% of the national total.
Other major economic center cities include Huzande, Bohtar, and Horog, with main industries including processing, mining, and agriculture.

10.01 million (as of January 2023). There are a total of 86 ethnic groups, with Tajik accounting for about 80%, Uzbek accounting for 15.3%, and Russian accounting for 1%. In addition, there are ethnic groups such as Tatars, Kyrgyz, Ukrainian, Turkmen, Kazakh, Belarusian, Armenian, etc.

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, also known as “Pakistan” in Urdu, is located in the northwest of the South Asian subcontinent. It borders India to the east, China to the northeast, Afghanistan to the northwest, Iran to the west, and the Arabian Sea to the south. The coastline is 980 kilometers long. Except for the tropical climate in the south, the rest belongs to the subtropical climate. The southern region is humid and hot, influenced by the monsoon, with a longer rainy season; The northern region is dry and cold, with some areas covered in snow throughout the year. The annual average temperature is 27 ℃, and the land area is 796095 square kilometers (excluding the Pakistani controlled Kashmir region). There are four provinces in the country, namely Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, and Sindh, as well as Islamabad Capital Territory. Each province has its own special district, county, township, and village federation, with Islamabad as its capital. [1] Pakistan has a population of 240 million.
Ba was originally a part of British India. In 1858, it became a British colony along with India. In March 1940, the All India Muslim League passed a resolution to establish Pakistan. In June 1947, Britain announced the “Mountbatten Plan” and implemented the partition of India and Pakistan. On August 14th of the same year, Pakistan declared independence and became an autonomous territory of the Commonwealth, including East and West Pakistan. On March 23, 1956, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was established and remained a member of the Commonwealth. It withdrew in 1972 and rejoined in 1989. In March 1971, East Pakistan declared the establishment of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, and in December of the same year, Bangladesh officially gained independence. [1]
Pakistan’s economy is mainly based on agriculture, with agricultural output accounting for 19% of the gross domestic product and a weak industrial foundation. The main economic data for the 2021-2022 fiscal year (July 2021 to June 2022) are as follows: Gross Domestic Product: 348.26 billion US dollars. Per capita Gross Domestic Product: 1505 US dollars. [1]

Chinese name
Islamic Republic of Pakistan [1]
Foreign Name
اسلامیجمہوریہپا동ستان (Urdu)
Islamic Republic of Pakistan (in English)
abbreviation
Pakistan
Belonging continent
Asia
Capital City
Islamabad [1]
major city
Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Peshawar, etc
National Day
March 23, 1956 [1]
National Anthem
Bless the Sacred Land
Country code
PAK
official language
Urdu, English [1]
Currency
Pakistani Rupee [1]
Time Zone
UTC+5
political system
parliamentary republic
National leaders
Asif Ali Zardari 2, Shahbaz Sharif [16] (Prime Minister)
population size
240 million [1] (as of January 2024)
population density
282.88 people per square kilometer 11
Main ethnic groups
Punjabi, Sindh, Pashtun, and Baloch tribes [1]
Main religions
Islam [1]
land area
796095 km ² (excluding Pakistan controlled Kashmir)
Water area ratio
3.1%
Total GDP
341.554 billion US dollars (July 2022 to June 2023)
Per Capita GDP
$1568 (July 2022 to June 2023)
International telephone area code
ninety-two
International Domain Abbreviations
.pk
Road traffic
Drive on the left
legal system
Anglo-American law system
National Motto
Devotion, unity, and discipline
Geographical highest point
K2 Peak
The largest city
Karachi
national flower
Suxin Flower
Main universities
Punjab University, International Islamic University of Pakistan, etc. [34]
Chinese Ambassador to Pakistan
Jiang Zaidong [21]
Pakistan Ambassador to China
(Khalil Hashimi) H.E. Khalil Hashimi [10] [41]

Pakistan has four provinces: Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, and Sindh, as well as the Islamabad Capital Territory. Each province has established special zones, counties, townships, and village associations. [1]
Baluchistan Province (347190 square kilometers)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (Peshawar) (101741 square kilometers)
Punjab Province (Lahore) (205334 square kilometers)
Sindh Province (Karachi) (140914 square kilometers)
Islamabad Capital Region (Islamabad) (906 square kilometers)
Pakistan controlled Kashmir is divided into northern region (Gilgit) and free Kashmir (Muzaffarabad)
Main cities: Karachi, Islamabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Faisalabad, Multan, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Gilgit, Quetta, Gwadar Port.
capital
Islamabad is one of the youngest modern cities in the world and a capital with traditional Islamic characteristics. It is located on the Potewar Plateau in the northeast at an altitude of over 600 meters, backed by the Malgala Mountains, facing the clear Lake Laval to the east, and a lush green hill to the south. The climate is pleasant and the scenery is beautiful, with a distance of 1300 kilometers from the sea. The original capital was Karachi. In 1959, the Pakistani government decided to build a new capital here. It was officially relocated here in 1967 and was basically completed in 1970. The population is 2.3 million (2023). The Shakbari Mountain in the Rose and Jasmine Park in the south of the city is an important tourist destination.

The total territory of Pakistan is 880254 square kilometers (including Pakistan controlled Kashmir) and 796095 square kilometers (excluding Pakistan controlled Kashmir). [1] Located in the northwest of the South Asian subcontinent, it borders the Arabian Sea to the south and is adjacent to India, China, Afghanistan, and Iran to the east, north, and west, respectively.
Pakistan is located in the East Zone 5, with the capital Islamabad being 3 hours behind Beijing time.
topographic features
Three fifths of the entire area is mountainous and hilly, with deserts along the southern coast and continuous plateau pastures and fertile land extending northward. The highest peak in the country is K2, with an elevation of 8611 meters. The Himalayas, Karakoram Mountains, and Hindu Kush Mountains, three world-renowned mountain ranges, converge in northwest Pakistan, forming a unique landscape. The Indus River, originating from China, enters the Pakistani border and flows 2300 kilometers from north to south before finally emptying into the Arabian Sea.

Bengal region, abbreviated as “Bangladesh”, includes Bangladesh and the Indian controlled state of West Bengal. Sometimes it includes the states of Bihar, Tripura, and Odisha in India.
The main residents of this area are Bengalis who speak Bengali. The population of Bangladesh is 164.7 million, and the population of West Bengal is 84.3 million. 66% of people in Bangladesh believe in Islam and 33% believe in Hinduism.

East Bengal, also known as the People’s Republic of Bangladesh in Bengali, is a South Asian country located north of the Gulf of Bengal. A small part of its southeastern mountainous region borders Myanmar, and it is adjacent to India to the east, west, and north. There are also numerous enclaves along the northern border, with a total area of 147570 square kilometers. In June 2015, India and Bangladesh reached a new border agreement, granting Bangladesh 111 enclaves totaling 170 square kilometers, and residents within the enclaves are now free to choose their nationality.
03:29
Why does India support Bangladesh’s independence instead of directly annexing Bangladesh?
The Bengali people are one of the ancient ethnic groups in the South Asian subcontinent. The earliest inhabitants of Bangladesh were the Australians. In 1757, Bangladesh became a province of British India. After the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, it became part of Pakistan and was known as East Pakistan. In 1971, it gained independence from Pakistan.

Bangladesh has a subtropical monsoon climate, while its coastal areas have a monsoon type tropical grassland climate. The rivers are densely crisscrossed and the river transportation is well-developed. During the rainy season, it is prone to flooding and tropical hurricanes often occur. Mineral deposits include natural gas, coal, titanium, zirconium, etc. Huangma is the main economic source of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is the most densely populated country in the world and one of the least developed countries in the world

West Bengal, also known as the Indian state of West Bengal, sometimes includes the Indian states of Bihar, Tripura, and Odisha. The main residents of this region are Bengalis who speak the Bengali language. 66% of the population believes in Islam, and 33% believes in Hinduism.
West Bengal is located in the eastern part of the Ganges Plain in India, connected to Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Nepal to the west, Assam and Bangladesh to the east, Sikkim and Bhutan to the north, and the Bay of Bengal to the south.
West Bengal is divided into 19 counties with an area of 88752 square kilometers and a population of 84.3 million (as of 2003). West Bengal is mainly inhabited by Bengali people, and the main language is Bengali. The capital city Kolkata is the third largest city in India.

The summer temperature is 24-40 ℃, and the winter temperature is 7-26 ℃. The rainy season is from June to September every year, with an average annual rainfall of 1750 millimeters. One corner of Beiling is a mountainous area, while the rest is mostly a plain formed by the alluvial deposits of the lower reaches of the Ganges River, Brahmaputra River, and their tributaries. At an altitude of 12-30 meters, the delta plain is even lower. Important rice, jute, and sugarcane production areas. Both freshwater and marine fisheries are important. Minerals include coal and iron. The lower reaches of the Damodar River are a mining and heavy industry area. Along the Hooghly River is a large industrial area. Industries include jute processing, cotton textile and metal processing, military industry, machinery, etc.

The Republic of Maldives, formerly known as the Maldives Islands, abbreviated as Maldives, is an archipelago country in the Indian Ocean. About 600 kilometers from southern India and about 750 kilometers from southwestern Sri Lanka. 26 natural atolls and 1192 coral islands are distributed in a sea area of 90000 square kilometers, of which about 200 islands are inhabited. The country has a land area of 115300 square kilometers (including territorial waters), a land area of 298 square kilometers, a population of 557000 (as of August 2022), the capital is Male, and the country is divided into 21 administrative regions.
The Sultanate was established in 1116. For nearly 400 years, it has been invaded and ruled by Portuguese and Dutch colonialists, and became a British protectorate in 1887. Independence was declared on July 26, 1965. The Republic was established on November 11, 1968.
The tourism and shipping industries are the main economic pillars of Maldives. The Maldives has a single economic structure, scarce resources, and heavily relies on imports, with a relatively weak economic foundation. The gross domestic product of Maldives in 2022 is 6.1765 billion US dollars, with a per capita gross domestic product of 10700 US dollars (including foreign residents living in Maldives), and a GDP growth rate of+12.3%.

Chinese name
Republic of Maldives [1]
Foreign Name
The Republic of Maldives, Maldives [1]
ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެޖމްހޫިއްްޔާ (in Devivi language)
abbreviation
Maldives
Belonging continent
Asia
Capital City
Male [1]
National Day
July 26, 1965
National Anthem
Unity and Salute to Our Country
Country code
MDV
official language
Dhivehi language [1]
Currency
Rufiyaa [1]
Time Zone
UTC+5
political system
presidential republic
National leaders
Mohammed Muzi 15
population size
521000 (including 379000 Maldivian citizens, all of whom are of Maldivian ethnicity)
population density
1801.8 people per square kilometer (2020)
Main ethnic groups
maldivian
Main religions
Islam (Sunni)
land area
115300 km ² (including territorial sea area)
land area
298 km²
Total GDP
6.899 billion US dollars 19
Per Capita GDP
16800 USD [1] 19
International telephone area code
nine hundred and sixty
International Domain Abbreviations
.mv
Road traffic
Drive on the left
National Tree
coconut tree
national flower
Pink rose
Main universities
Maldives National University

The Maldives is located in the Indian Ocean, between longitude 72 ° 33 and 73 ° 46, and latitude 7 ° 6 and 0 ° 42. It consists of 26 natural atolls with a total of 1192 coral islands, including 187 residential islands and 164 tourist islands. The terrain is narrow and flat, with an average elevation of 1.2 meters. The total area of Maldives is 90000 square kilometers (including territorial waters), with land area accounting for only 0.331%, approximately 298 square kilometers. There are 9 islands with a land area of over 1 square kilometer, and the largest island, FUAMULAKU, is located 267 kilometers south of Male, the capital of Maldives, with an area of 13 square kilometers; Hulumale Island covers an area of over 5 square kilometers. The Maldives is 550 kilometers south of the British Chagos Archipelago, 600 kilometers north of Indian islands such as Lakdev, Minicoy, and Amindiwi, and 669 kilometers from the Sri Lankan capital Colombo. [11]
topographic features
The Maldives consists of 26 natural atolls and 1192 coral islands, distributed over an area of 90000 square kilometers, of which about 200 islands are inhabited. The average area of the island is 1-2 square kilometers, with a low-lying terrain and an average elevation of 1.2 meters. [1]
Climatic characteristics
The Maldives spans the equator and its climate is largely influenced by the Indian Ocean. Most areas have a tropical monsoon climate, while the southern region has a tropical rainforest climate with hot and humid characteristics, without any seasons. The Maldives has abundant sunshine, with an average of 8 hours of sunshine per day. The annual average temperature is around 28 ℃, with the highest temperature reaching 32 ℃ from March to April each year. The annual average rainfall is 1500-2000 millimeters, and whenever the monsoon comes, it is usually accompanied by a large amount of precipitation. The air humidity is very high, with an average annual humidity of over 70%. The monsoon is relatively gentle, with no hurricanes or tornadoes, and occasional storms. The daily maximum temperature in the Greater Male region of the capital is 31 ℃, and the minimum temperature is 26 ℃

The Maldives is divided into 22 administrative regions, including 19 administrative atolls and 4 cities of Male, Adu, Fuamora, and Kurudofuji. Administrative regions are divided according to atolls, with small atolls forming an administrative region either individually or in groups. Each atoll and large residential island has a management committee elected by the local people. At present, there are 20 atoll committees, 66 island committees, and 4 city committees nationwide.

Mal é, located on the island of the same name, has a population of 234000 and an area of 1.96 square kilometers. [1] The daily maximum temperature in Male is 31 ℃ and the minimum temperature is 26 ℃. The national political and economic center is also a port. In addition to fishing and seafood processing, the tourism industry has also developed rapidly, with the construction of the Vilana International Airport.

The Republic of Indonesia, abbreviated as Indonesia, is a Southeast Asian country with its capital in Nusantara. Connected with countries such as Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Covering an area of 1913578.68 square kilometers and consisting of approximately 17508 islands, it is the largest archipelagic country in the world, spanning across Asia and Oceania. It is also a country with multiple volcanoes and earthquakes. The larger islands include Kalimantan Island, Sumatra Island, Irian Island, Sulawesi Island, and Java Island. There are a total of 3 local special zones and 38 first level administrative regions (provincial level) in the country. [2]
With a population of 281 million (as of October 2024), it is the fourth most populous country in the world. [2] There are hundreds of ethnic groups, with Javanese accounting for 45% of the population. There are over 200 ethnic languages, with Indonesian being the official language. About 87% of the population believes in Islam, making it the country with the largest Muslim population in the world. [2] [38]
In the 13th and 14th centuries, a powerful empire was formed in Java, which became a Dutch colony at the end of the 16th century. It was occupied by Japan in 1942. After gaining independence on August 17, 1945, he successively armed himself against the invasions of Britain and the Netherlands, during which he was forced to change to the Federal Republic of Indonesia and join the Dutch Indian Federation. In August 1950, it was restored to the Republic of Indonesia, and in August 1954, it separated from the Dutch Indian Federation.
Indonesia is one of the founding countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the largest economy in ASEAN, and also the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member of the G20. It has strong aerospace technology. Formally become a partner country of BRICS on January 1, 2025. On January 6, 2025, it became an official member of the BRICS countries. [52]
Implement a nine-year compulsory education system. Famous universities include the University of Indonesia in Jakarta, Kachamada University in Yogyakarta, Ailangka University in Surabaya, and Bandung Institute of Technology in Bandung. [2]
In 2024, the total GDP of Indonesia will reach 22139 trillion Indonesian rupiah (approximately 15846 Indonesian rupiah per US dollar), with a per capita GDP of 78.6 million Indonesian rupiah. [45]

Chinese name

Republic of Indonesia [2]

Foreign Name

The Republic of Indonesia； Indonesia

Republik Indonesia 17

abbreviation

Indonesia, Indonesia

Belonging continent

Asia

Capital City

Nusantara [41-42]

major city

Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, Yogyakarta, etc

National Day

August 17, 1945 [2]

National Anthem

The Great Indonesia

Country code

IDN

official language

Indonesian [2]

Currency

Indonesian Rupiah

Time Zone

UTC+7 to UTC+9

political system

presidential republic

National leaders

Prabowo Subianto [2] 34

population size

281 million [51] (October 2024)

population density

145.7 people per square kilometer 11

Main ethnic groups

Javanese, Sunda, Madurah, Malay [2]

Main religions

Islam 2

land area

1913578.68 km² [1]

Water area ratio

4.85%

Per Capita GDP

4960.3 USD 45

International telephone area code

sixty-two

International Domain Abbreviations

.id

Road traffic

Drive on the left

national bird

Eagle

national flower

Jasminum multiflorum

Gini coefficient

zero point three six eight

The largest city

Jakarta

National Motto

Bhinneka Tunggal Ika

Honorary title

Thousand Island Country

Main universities

University of Indonesia, Gajah Mada University, etc

GDP

22139.0 trillion Indonesian Rupiah 45

There are a total of 38 first level administrative regions (provinces) in the Republic of Indonesia, including three local special zones in Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and Aceh, as well as 35 provinces. There are a total of 514 secondary administrative regions (counties/cities). [2] The 35 provinces are: North Sumatra Province (capital Medan), West Sumatra Province (capital Padang), Jambi Province (capital Jambi), South Sumatra Province (capital Palembang), Bengkulu Province (capital Bengkulu), Lampung Province (capital Banda Lampung), Bangka Belitung Province (capital Penang), Riau Islands Province (capital Tanjung Pelepang), West Java Province (capital Bandung), Central Java Province (capital Semarang), East Java Province (capital Surabaya (capital Surabaya)), Banten Province (capital Seram), Bali Province (capital Denpasar), West Nusa Tenggara Province (capital Mataram). East Nusa Tenggara Province (capital Kupang), West Kalimantan Province (capital Kundian), Central Kalimantan Province (capital Palangkaraya), South Kalimantan Province (capital Machen) East Kalimantan Province (capital Samarinda), North Kalimantan Province (capital Tanjung Xerox), North Sulawesi Province (capital Manado), Central Sulawesi Province (capital Palu), South Sulawesi Province (capital Makassar), Southeast Sulawesi Province (capital Kendari), Gorontalo Province (capital Gorontalo), West Sulawesi Province (capital Mamuju), Maluku Province (capital Ambon), North Maluku Province (capital Sofifi), West Papua Province (capital Manokwari), Papua Province (capital Jayapura), South Papua Province (capital Malochi), Southwest Papua Province (capital Somuku) Long Province [21], Babuya Province (capital Dimika), Highlands Papua Province (capital Wamena) [20], and Riau Province (capital North Ganbaru).

major city
01:15
One minute to learn about Nusantara
Nusantara, the new capital of Indonesia, is located in the North Pena Champasak district of East Kalimantan province and is currently under construction. The Indonesian government plans to start relocating civil servants to the new capital in early 2025. In order to alleviate the difficulties faced by the development of the capital and promote balanced national development, the Indonesian government announced in 2019 that it would relocate the administrative capital from Jakarta to a forested area in East Kalimantan Province. The construction of the new capital, Nusantara, officially began in mid-2022 and will be developed in five stages. It is scheduled to be completed by 2045 and is expected to have a population of over 2 million after completion. [14] [39]
Jakarta, located on the northwest coast of Java Island, covers an area of 740.28 square kilometers and has a permanent population of 10.56 million. It is the political, economic, and cultural center of the country and a hub for sea, land, and air transportation. It is also a shipping center between southern Asia and Oceania. As early as over 500 years ago, Jakarta had become a famous seaport for exporting pepper and spices, known as “Sunda Graba” which means “coconut”. In 1527, it was renamed Jakarta with the meaning of victory and glory. In 1618, the Dutch colonial army captured it and renamed it “Batavia”. During World War II, the Japanese invading army occupied Indonesia until its independence in 1945, when it was renamed Jakarta and designated as the capital of the republic. In November 2024, Indonesia officially revoked Jakarta’s capital status and designated it as a special zone.
Surabaya is the capital of East Java Province, with a city area of 326 square kilometers and a population of 3.6 million. It is the second largest city in the country after Jakarta, a major naval base, and one of Indonesia’s important manufacturing, agricultural processing, and trade centers. It is also a hub for sea and air transportation on Java Island. It is known as the “City of Heroes” for its heroic resistance against Britain during the period of independence struggle.
Medan is the capital of North Sumatra Province, with a city area of 342 square kilometers and a population of approximately 1.8 million, making it the third largest city in Indonesia. Located near the Strait of Malacca, it is Indonesia’s western gateway for foreign trade and one of the main entry and exit ports for domestic and foreign tourists. The establishment of the economic growth triangle of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand has strengthened its position as a development center for northern Jiangsu Province and northern Indonesia, promoting the rapid development of small industries such as food processing, textiles, leather products, chemicals, building materials, metals, and transportation vehicles in the city. The city is clean and tidy, with green trees providing shade and a pleasant climate. The Sultan’s Palace in the city was built in 1888.
Bandung is the capital of West Java Province and the cultural center of the Sunda ethnic group, with a population of 1.7 million. Located in a high valley, surrounded by mountains, the scenery is beautiful and the climate is pleasant. There are over 50 universities and research institutions located here, and the only aircraft manufacturing plant in the country. The famous Asian African Conference was held here, and the original site of the conference, the Independent Building, has now been converted into the Asian African Conference Museum.
Yogyakarta is located in Central Java and is one of the three provincial-level special zones in the country, directly under the jurisdiction of the central government. The city covers an area of 32.5 square kilometers and has a population of 420000. It is an important cultural and educational center in Indonesia, a showcase of Javanese traditional culture, and a famous tourist destination with world-renowned landmarks such as the Borobudur Pagoda. During the War of Independence, Yogyakarta was the first capital of the Republic of Indonesia.

276 million (as of December 2022), the fourth most populous country in the world. There are hundreds of ethnic groups, with Javanese accounting for 45% of the population, as well as Sunda, Madura, Malay, and others. [2]